Validation of Pressure Drop in Gas–Fine Flow in a Packed Bed with Various Types of Injection System (Lateral and Bottom)

Cold-model numerical study of raceway shape and size effect on gas and fines flow behaviour in packed bed between the raceway and cohesive zone

“…Mathematical framework by various previous researchers has considered a constant voidage model for the packed bed [17][18][19][20], a two-fluid model for the gas and fines flow [21,22], an isostress based model for determining the raceway shape and size [23,24], and a correlation-based static holdup [24]. Similar mathematical framework has been employed by several researchers to replicate the holdup [9,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30] and pressure loss characteristics [31,32] in a blast furnace. However, these studies have neglected certain critical aspects of the blast furnace.…”

“…However, this protrusion displaces the point of entry of the gas and PC and plays a crucial role in developing the raceway and flow dynamics. Very few studies [9,32] take this feature into account; consequently, it is often overlooked in experimental and simulation studies. Second, the re-distribution of the reducing gas by the raceway is often simplified [32] or neglected [28] owing to a lack of understanding regarding its formation, shape, and size.…”

“…Very few studies [9,32] take this feature into account; consequently, it is often overlooked in experimental and simulation studies. Second, the re-distribution of the reducing gas by the raceway is often simplified [32] or neglected [28] owing to a lack of understanding regarding its formation, shape, and size. Recently, the importance of the raceway size [13,[33][34][35] and shape [33,36] in the development of the gas and fines flow behaviour has been recognized and new methods, such as X-ray tomography [15,18], DEM [37][38][39][40][41][42], Kinetic Theory of Granular Gases (KTGG) [43], isostress boundary models [23,24], and fractal theory [44,45] are being employed to gain additional insights.…”

Quantification of powder holdups in the presence of a cavity with lateral gas–powder injection in a packed bed

“…[8] The wall effects are significant in an ultra-thin packed bed, as pointed out by some of the researchers. [9][10][11] There are no studies on lateral injection in the cylindrical apparatus except in one study, where the side injection of gas and powder is used circumferentially from the bottom of a cylindrical bed. [12] There is no consideration of cavity/raceway formation and nozzle protrusion inside the packed bed.…”