Validation of photoplethysmography as a method to detect heart rate during rest and exercise

Spierer, David K.; Rosen, Zohn; Litman, Leib; Fujii, Kenji

doi:10.3109/03091902.2015.1047536

Cited by 117 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…PPG sensors use the probe (eg, LED lights) to shine directly into the skin and interact with changes in the blood volume to configure a HR. HR is determined based on the theory that blood flow through the artery is inversely related to the amount of light refracted 7. PPG techniques using optical LED blood flow sensors have allowed HR monitoring devices to become increasingly popular, with many new models entering the market each year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 2012, consumers spent over $800 million on watches, bands, and bracelets7 to monitor HR using a method that has largely not been validated and published scientifically. Given the huge influx, interest, and money spent on these small, non-invasive, and easy-to-use activity monitors, validated research is needed to ensure the activity monitors accurately project HR under resting, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity conditions 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How accurate are the wrist-based heart rate monitors during walking and running activities? Are they accurate enough?

Stahl

Dinkel

et al. 2016

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

233

190

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BackgroundHeart rate (HR) monitors are valuable devices for fitness-orientated individuals. There has been a vast influx of optical sensing blood flow monitors claiming to provide accurate HR during physical activities. These monitors are worn on the arm and wrist to detect HR with photoplethysmography (PPG) techniques. Little is known about the validity of these wearable activity trackers.AimValidate the Scosche Rhythm (SR), Mio Alpha (MA), Fitbit Charge HR (FH), Basis Peak (BP), Microsoft Band (MB), and TomTom Runner Cardio (TT) wireless HR monitors.Methods50 volunteers (males: n=32, age 19–43 years; females: n=18, age 19–38 years) participated. All monitors were worn simultaneously in a randomised configuration. The Polar RS400 HR chest strap was the criterion measure. A treadmill protocol of one 30 min bout of continuous walking and running at 3.2, 4.8, 6.4, 8.0, and 9.6 km/h (5 min at each protocol speed) with HR manually recorded every minute was completed.ResultsFor group comparisons, the mean absolute percentage error values were: 3.3%, 3.6%, 4.0%, 4.6%, 4.8% and 6.2% for TT, BP, RH, MA, MB and FH, respectively. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was observed: r=0.959 (TT), r=0.956 (MB), r=0.954 (BP), r=0.933 (FH), r=0.930 (RH) and r=0.929 (MA). Results from 95% equivalency testing showed monitors were found to be equivalent to those of the criterion HR (±10% equivalence zone: 98.15–119.96).ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that the wearable activity trackers provide an accurate measurement of HR during walking and running activities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How accurate are the wrist-based heart rate monitors during walking and running activities? Are they accurate enough?

Stahl

Dinkel

et al. 2016

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

233

190

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The PPG technique is based on the principle that blood flow through the artery is inversely related to the amount of light refracted. [7] Recent evidence suggests that the PPG method has acceptable validity in the measurement of HR during walking and running activities. [8] However, some studies [9,10] have reported that wrist-worn devices become less accurate in measuring HR as exercise intensity increases, possibly due to increases in upper body movement during faster running speeds, rather than an error in the device per se.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Accuracy of Wrist-worn Heart Rate Monitors across a Range of Exercise Intensities

Hough¹,

Glaister²,

Pledger³

2017

JPAR

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Commercially available wrist-worn heart rate (HR) monitors have become increasingly popular.However, the accuracy of the devices across a range of exercise intensities is largely unknown. This study investigated the accuracy of four wrist-worn HR monitors (Apple Watch Series 1, Fitbit Charge, TomTom Touch, and Mio Fuse). Eighteen adults completed three trials on a cycle ergometer wearing a chest-worn HR monitor (Polar). Trial 1 established the HR-power output relationship, and resting and maximum HR. In trials 2 and 3, participants were fitted to an electrocardiogram (ECG) and completed a step test consisting of 5 x 3 minute stages at 40 -80% of HR reserve (determined in trial 1) whilst wearing two wrist-worn HR monitors. Relative to ECG, there were no differences in HR between the devices during exercise (p = 0.239), and no device × exercise intensity interaction (p = 0.370). There were no instances where ECG and Polar data differed by ≥ 5 b·min -1 . Conversely, there were two instances (2.2%) with the Apple, four (4.4%) with the Mio, 10 (11.1%) with the TomTom, and 19 (21.1%) with the Fitbit. A chest-worn HR monitor offers greater accuracy compared to wrist-worn devices.

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“…The accuracy and reliability of PPG have been tested based on the comparison of the short-term HR with ECG or traditional chest strap devices [29,38,49]. The results supported the validity of the HR recorded by PPG.…”

Section: Apparatus For Hrv Measurementmentioning

confidence: 65%

Measuring Affective Well-Being by the Combination of the Day Reconstruction Method and a Wearable Device: Case Study of an Aging and Depopulating Community in Japan

Ishio

Abe

2017

Augment Hum Res

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Affective well-being indicates the changes in the predominance of positive or negative affects of people in response to their daily experiences. For measuring affective well-being, people are usually asked to indicate their affective states in several episodes that they experienced in a day. However, such conventional methods have been problematic in terms of their burdensomeness on participants and the validity of the rating. To overcome these problems, we attempted to introduce a new approach for measuring affective states, based on the combination of the day reconstruction method and the measurement of physiological stress levels by a wristband-type wearable device. As the indicator of physiological stress levels, we used heart rate variability calculated from the data recorded by the device. We examined the interpretability of the physiological stress level as a substitute for affective states by applying this combinational approach to an aging and depopulating village in Japan, because the well-being of the residents in such areas is a matter of public concern. As a result, we could depict the sources of affective well-being and the physiological stressors in the village. We also found a reasonable, but weak, correlation between the scores of affective states and the indicator of physiological stress levels. We discussed the challenges that should be overcome for utilizing the physiological stress level as a substitute for affective state.

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Validation of photoplethysmography as a method to detect heart rate during rest and exercise

Cited by 117 publications

References 32 publications

How accurate are the wrist-based heart rate monitors during walking and running activities? Are they accurate enough?

How accurate are the wrist-based heart rate monitors during walking and running activities? Are they accurate enough?

The Accuracy of Wrist-worn Heart Rate Monitors across a Range of Exercise Intensities

Measuring Affective Well-Being by the Combination of the Day Reconstruction Method and a Wearable Device: Case Study of an Aging and Depopulating Community in Japan

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