Validation of Minimum Display Requirements for a UAS Detect and Avoid System

Rorie, Conrad; Fern, Lisa; Roberts, Zach; Monk, Kevin J.; Santiago, Confesor; Shively, Jay

doi:10.2514/6.2017-4483

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The findings favored the integrated display, which coincides with previous studies that found an integrated display preferable (although the trends were not significant in those studies, Monk et al, 2015;Rorie et al, 2017). Presenting DAA traffic information, along with the steering interface, on a single display protects against having to partition attention across separate screens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

Smith¹,

Rorie²,

Monk³

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) must comply with specific standards to operate in the National Airspace System (NAS). Among the requirements are the detect and avoid (DAA) capabilities, which include display, alerting, and guidance specifications. Previous studies have queried pilots for their subjective feedback of these display elements on earlier systems; the present study sought pilot evaluations with an initial iteration of the unmanned variant of a Next Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS XU). Sixteen participants piloted simulated aircraft with both standalone and integrated DAA displays. Their opinions were gathered using post-block and post-simulation questionnaires as well as guided debriefs. The data showed pilots had better understanding and comfort with the system when using an integrated display. Pilots also rated ACAS XU alerting and guidance as generally acceptable and effective. Implications for further development of ACAS XU and DAA displays are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The current project builds upon similar studies that examined locations and contents of DAA displays within earlier systems (Fern et al, 2014;Monk et al, 2015;Rorie et al, 2016;Rorie et al, 2017;Santiago et al, 2015). This was accomplished by gathering pilots' subjective feedback, during a HITL simulation, using ACAS X U as the DAA system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

Smith¹,

Rorie²,

Monk³

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

Self Cite

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“…Instead, they focus on aspects such as the effects of different levels of automation [12,13], workload issues [14,15], decision support to fulfil mission objectives [16], or methods to enhance situation awareness [17]. Further, a detect and avoid display for UAS flying in the U.S. National Airspace System has been developed and evaluated within the scope of several studies [18][19][20]. Only a few publications specifically apply scientific methods to design HMIs for UAS supervisory control [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human–Machine Interface Design for Monitoring Safety Risks Associated with Operating Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Urban Areas

Friedrich

Vollrath

2021

Aerospace

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The envisioned introduction of autonomous Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) into low-altitude urban airspace necessitates high levels of system safety. Despite increased system autonomy, humans will most likely remain an essential component in assuring safety. This paper derives, applies, and evaluates a display design concept that aims to support safety risk monitoring of multiple sUAS by a human operator. The concept comprises of five design principles. The core idea of the concept is to limit display complexity despite increasing the number of sUAS monitored by primarily visualizing highly abstracted information while hiding detailed information of lower abstraction, unless specifically requested by the human operator. States of highly abstracted functions are visualized by function-specific icons that change hue in accordance to specified system states. Simultaneously, the design concept aims to support the human operator in identifying off-nominal situations by implementing design properties that guide visual attention. The display was evaluated in a study with seven subject matter experts. Although preliminary, the results clearly favor the proposed display design concept. The advantages of the proposed design concept are demonstrated, and the next steps for further exploring the proposed display design concept are outlined.

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“…Previous studies have looked at DAA system requirements for larger UAS operating in en-route and terminal environments (Fern et al, 2018;Rorie et al, 2017;Rorie et al, 2019). More recently, DAA research has focused on developing Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for a broader range of UAS types, including smaller UAS that will need onboard sensors classified as low in size, weight, and power (SWaP) (RTCA, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of UAS Pilot Workload and Acceptability Ratings with Four Simulated Radar Declaration Ranges

Keeler

Rorie

Monk

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Currently, minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) are being developed for a broader rangeof unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platforms, including smaller UAS that will feature onboard sensors that are low in size, weight, and power, otherwise known as low SWaP. The low SWaP sensors used to detect non-cooperative traffic will have limited declaration ranges compared to those designed for medium-to-large UAS. A human-in-the-loop (HITL) study was conducted examining four possible radar declaration ranges (i.e., 1.5 NM, 2 NM, 2.5 NM, and 3 NM) for a potential low SWaP sensor with a detect and avoid (DAA) system encountering various non-cooperative encounters in Oakland Center airspace. Participants had lower workload, particularly workload associated with temporal demand and effort, in scenarios that featured larger detection ranges. Furthermore, participants reported better ability to remain DAA well clear within the larger declaration range conditions, specifically with the 2.5 NM and 3 NM conditions.

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Validation of Minimum Display Requirements for a UAS Detect and Avoid System

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

Human–Machine Interface Design for Monitoring Safety Risks Associated with Operating Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Urban Areas

An Evaluation of UAS Pilot Workload and Acceptability Ratings with Four Simulated Radar Declaration Ranges

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Validation of Minimum Display Requirements for a UAS Detect and Avoid System

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System XU

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System XU

Human–Machine Interface Design for Monitoring Safety Risks Associated with Operating Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Urban Areas

An Evaluation of UAS Pilot Workload and Acceptability Ratings with Four Simulated Radar Declaration Ranges

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UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U