Validation of indicators used to assess unconsciousness in veal calves at slaughter

Abstract

European legislation states that after stunning regular checks should be performed to guarantee animals are unconscious between the end of the stunning process and death. When animals are killed without prior stunning these checks should be performed before the animal is released from restraint. The validity of certain indicators used to assess unconsciousness under different stunning and slaughter conditions is under debate. The aim of this study was to validate the absence of threat-, withdrawal-, corneal-and eyelid reflex as indicators to assess unconsciousness in calves subjected to different stunning and slaughter methods. Calves (201 ± 22 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: (1) Captive bolt stunning followed by neck cut in an inverted position (n = 25); (2) Non-stunned slaughter in an upright position (n = 7); (3) Non-stunned slaughter in an inverted position (180°rotation) (n = 25); (4) Non-stunned slaughter in an upright position followed by captive bolt stunning 40 s after the neck cut (n = 25). Each calf was equipped with non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes before the slaughter procedure. All reflexes were verified once before the slaughter procedure. At the beginning of the procedure (T = 0 s) calves were stunned (treatment 1) or neck cut in an upright position (treatment 2, 4) or inverted position (treatment 3). Calves of treatment 4 were captive bolt stunned 34 ± 8 s after the neck cut. Reflexes were assessed every 20 s from T = 15 s for all treatments until all reflex tests resulted in a negative response three times in a row and a flat line EEG was observed. In addition, reflexes were assessed 5 s after captive bolt stunning in calves of treatments 1 and 4. Visual assessment of changes in the amplitude and frequency of EEG traces was used to determine loss of consciousness. Timing of loss of consciousness was related to timing of loss of reflexes. After captive bolt stunning, absence of threat-, withdrawal-, corneal-and eyelid reflex indicated unconsciousness as determined by EEG recordings. After non-stunned slaughter, both threat-and withdrawal reflex were on average lost before calves were unconscious based on EEG recordings. The eyelid-and corneal reflex were on average lost after calves had lost consciousness based on EEG recordings and appeared to be distinctly conservative indicators of unconsciousness in non-stunned slaughtered calves since they were observed until 76 ± 50 and 85 ± 45 s (mean ± SD), respectively, after EEG-based loss of consciousness.Keywords: electroencephalogram, calves, reflexes, slaughter, (un)consciousness ImplicationsMonitoring unconsciousness at slaughter is mandatory by European legislation and is often determined by the absence of behavioural indicators (i.e. loss of posture), physical signs (i.e. rhythmic breathing) and reflexes. Previous research in sheep has indicated that the absence of certain reflexes at slaughter is not a reliable indicator of unconsciousness. The present study showed that absence of the withdr...

Assessing unconsciousness in livestock at slaughter

“…baseline, unconscious and minimal brain activity. The baseline stage consisted of a low-amplitude, high frequency signal, indicating alert pigs (Figure 2a) , Verhoeven et al, 2016a. When high-amplitude, low frequency dominated the EEG trace this was interpreted to indicate unconsciousness (Figure 2b) (Baars et al, 2003;Verhoeven et al, 2016a).…”

“…The baseline stage consisted of a low-amplitude, high frequency signal, indicating alert pigs (Figure 2a) , Verhoeven et al, 2016a. When high-amplitude, low frequency dominated the EEG trace this was interpreted to indicate unconsciousness (Figure 2b) (Baars et al, 2003;Verhoeven et al, 2016a). Minimal brain activity was reflected by a flat signal (< 10% of baseline amplitude) (Figure 2c) (Verhoeven et al, , 2016a.…”

“…When high-amplitude, low frequency dominated the EEG trace this was interpreted to indicate unconsciousness (Figure 2b) (Baars et al, 2003;Verhoeven et al, 2016a). Minimal brain activity was reflected by a flat signal (< 10% of baseline amplitude) (Figure 2c) (Verhoeven et al, , 2016a. Latency to first apnea was defined as the first time the respiratory waveform signal was flat for at least five seconds.…”

“…The CO 2 stunning procedure itself provides an additional challenge, as animals can move freely and (extensive) muscular contractions can easily disturb the EEG signal. Visual appraisal of EEG activity to assess the state of (un) consciousness has been applied during studies in poultry (McKeegan et al, 2013b), sheep and veal calves (Verhoeven et al, 2016a). In addition to visual appraisal, EEG signals can be assessed using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT).…”

“…Both mechanical and electrical stunning induce unconsciousness instantly following an effective stun (Finnie et al, 2002;Prinz, 2009;Verhoeven et al, 2016a). Loss of consciousness is not instant during CO 2 stunning and was observed 21-61 s after first exposure to the gas (Verhoeven et al, 2016b).…”