Validation of IFMIF liquid Li target for IFMIF/EVEDA project

Kondo, Hiroo; Kanemura, Takuji; Furukawa, Tomohiro; Hirakawa, Yasushi; Wakai, Eiichi; Groeschel, F.; Nitti, Francesco; Knaster, J.

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.01.036

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…In conclusion, whereas the long term stability of the lithium flow under the specified challenging conditions (25 mm thick screen with +/–1 mm surface amplitudes flowing at 15 m/s and 523 K) has been demonstrated in the EVEDA Lithium Test Loop [10], and the impact of the 2 × 5 MW deuteron beam power has been shown as incapable to perturb this long term stability [18], the vaporization of lithium during operation is difficult to anticipate. In any case, the 76.7 g potentially vaporized per year of operation and adsorbed in the >3 m long accelerator stainless steel beam pipe traversing the Test Cell shielding wall forming a thin coating of few μm, can be considered the maximum possible value of lithium vaporized and its consequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The successful accomplishment of the Engineering Design Activities (EDA) phase [7], together with the on-going success of the Engineering Validation Activities (EVA) phase [8, 9, 10], where only remains the accelerator facility to be validated, whose installation and commissioning in Rokkasho is advancing [11], has allowed to taking decisions on the construction of a fusion relevant neutron source. A facility capable to provide 14 MeV neutrons and the needed flux will be likely available by the middle of next decade, to timely characterize materials in compliance with fusion roadmaps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 shows the seminal concept [17]; the design has matured throughout decades of worldwide development [13, 14, 15, 16]. Today’s technological maturity is thanks to the EVEDA’s successful validation activities [8, 9, 10], however the concept remains valid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An assessment of the evaporation and condensation phenomena of lithium during the operation of a Li(d,xn) fusion relevant neutron source

Knaster

Kanemura

Kondo

2016

Heliyon

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The flowing lithium target of a Li(d,xn) fusion relevant neutron source must evacuate the deuteron beam power and generate in a stable manner a flux of neutrons with a broad peak at 14 MeV capable to cause similar phenomena as would undergo the structural materials of plasma facing components of a DEMO like reactors. Whereas the physics of the beam-target interaction are understood and the stability of the lithium screen flowing at the nominal conditions of IFMIF (25 mm thick screen with +/–1 mm surface amplitudes flowing at 15 m/s and 523 K) has been demonstrated, a conclusive assessment of the evaporation and condensation of lithium during operation was missing. First attempts to determine evaporation rates started by Hertz in 1882 and have since been subject of continuous efforts driven by its practical importance; however intense surface evaporation is essentially a non-equilibrium process with its inherent theoretical difficulties. Hertz-Knudsen-Langmuir (HKL) equation with Schrage’s ‘accommodation factor’ η = 1.66 provide excellent agreement with experiments for weak evaporation under certain conditions, which are present during a Li(d,xn) facility operation. An assessment of the impact under the known operational conditions for IFMIF (574 K and 10−3Pa on the free surface), with the sticking probability of 1 inherent to a hot lithium gas contained in room temperature steel walls, is carried out. An explanation of the main physical concepts to adequately place needed assumptions is included.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An assessment of the evaporation and condensation phenomena of lithium during the operation of a Li(d,xn) fusion relevant neutron source

Knaster

Kanemura

Kondo

2016

Heliyon

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“…For instance, a normal video camera is suitable for continuously monitoring flow behavior, while a still camera with a long exposure time can produce a time-averaged flow appearance. Long-exposure photographs clearly reveal the existence of stationary surface wakes originating at the nozzle corners between the nozzle edge and both side walls [33][34][35].…”

Section: Wavelength and Flow Appearancementioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Surface Characteristics of a Liquid Li Wall Jet

Kanemura

Kondo

Sugiura

et al. 2016

Plasma and Fusion Research

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In this study, the free-surface characteristics of a liquid Li wall jet for the Li target of the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) are comprehensively reviewed. In developing the IFMIF Li target, a scientific understanding of the free-surface wave characteristics and the development of diagnostic tools to measure these characteristics were critical issues. The same issues must be faced in other liquid metal applications in fusion engineering, such as liquid first walls or liquid diverters. Thus far, diagnostic tools and methods to measure all of the characteristics of waves (i.e., wavelength, wave period, wave speed (free-surface speed), wave height (amplitude)), and average jet thickness have been developed, and the probability distributions applicable to these wave parameters, as well as their statistical characteristic values, have been determined, validating the stability of the IFMIF Li target. Our findings, both the wave characteristics and the diagnostic tools, can be applied to not only the IFMIF Li target but also innovative liquid metal diverters or first walls in fusion engineering. Issues pertaining to liquid-metal freesurface flow applicationsIn general, liquid metals are used at high temperatures. Corrosion and erosion damage of structural materials must be reduced to ensure long-term system integrity. In particular, when using liquid Li, a popular metal in fusion en-

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“…Under the validation activities, the EVEDA lithium test loop (ELTL), physically equivalent to the loop in the IFMIF plant, was constructed [82]. The main validation targets were successfully accomplished, namely, free surface amplitudes within target tolerances of ±1 mm at nominal operational conditions, free surface interferometry diagnostics that can allow on-line monitoring during beam operation [83] and long term operation stability (>1000 h) under nominal flow conditions (see figure 12) [84]. Whereas cold traps have been successfully used in the ELTL, hot traps for nitrogen and hydrogen gettering were not installed.…”

Section: The Lithium Target Facilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The accomplishment of the Engineering Design Activities of IFMIF/EVEDA: The European–Japanese project towards a Li(d,xn) fusion relevant neutron source

Knaster¹,

Ibarra

Abal

et al. 2015

Nucl. Fusion

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The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF), presently in its Engineering Validation and Engineering Desi gn Activities (EVEDA) phase under the frame of the Broader Approach Agreement between Europe and Japan, accomplished in summer 2013, on schedule, its EDA phase with the release of the engineering design report of the IFMIF plant, which is here described. Many improvements of the design from former phases are implemented, particularly a reduction of beam losses and operational costs thanks to the superconducting accelerator concept, the re-location of the quench tank outside the 1 2 × test cell (TC) with a reduction of tritium inventory and a simplification on its replacement in case of failure, the separation of the irradiation modules from the shielding block gaining irradiation flexibility and enhancement of the remote handling equipment reliability and cost reduction, and the water cooling of the liner and biological shielding of the TC, enhancing the efficiency and economy of the related sub-systems. In addition, the maintenance strategy has been modified to allow a shorter yearly stop of the irradiation operations and a more careful management of the irradiated samples. The design of the IFMIF plant is intimately linked with the EVA phase carried out since the entry into force of IFMIF/EVEDA in June 2007. These last activities and their on-going accomplishment have been thoroughly described elsewhere (Knaster J et al [19]), which, combined with the present paper, allows a clear understanding of the maturity of the European-Japanese international efforts. This released IFMIF Intermediate Engineering Design Report (IIEDR), which could be complemented if required concurrently with the outcome of the on-going EVA, will allow decision making on its construction and/or serve as the basis for the definition of the next step, aligned with the evolving needs of our fusion community.

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Validation of IFMIF liquid Li target for IFMIF/EVEDA project

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

An assessment of the evaporation and condensation phenomena of lithium during the operation of a Li(d,xn) fusion relevant neutron source

An assessment of the evaporation and condensation phenomena of lithium during the operation of a Li(d,xn) fusion relevant neutron source

Free-Surface Characteristics of a Liquid Li Wall Jet

The accomplishment of the Engineering Design Activities of IFMIF/EVEDA: The European–Japanese project towards a Li(d,xn) fusion relevant neutron source

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