Validation of human spine model under the low-speed rear-end impact

Ejima, Susumu; Ono, Ken

doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83495-0

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…To our knowledge, this study represents the first experimental study to record and describe the movement of all three segments in unrestrained passengers (volunteers) during braking, thus precluding direct comparisons with previous findings. Previous research on body motion during traffic accidents ( Panjabi, 1998 ; Ejima et al, 2007 ; Ejima et al, 2008 ; Behr et al, 2010 ; Carlsson and Davidsson, 2011 ; Ejima et al, 2012 ; Rooij et al, 2013 ; Ólafsdóttir et al, 2013 ; Östh et al, 2013 ; Kirschbichler et al, 2014 ; Kuo et al, 2018 ; Reed et al, 2018 ; Holt et al, 2020 ; Ghaffari and Davidsson, 2021 ; Larsson et al, 2022 ) has primarily focused on analyzing maximum head and torso excursions through linear positions and accelerations. In contrast, our study offers insights utilizing angular variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach is logical when examining moderate to severe impact scenarios, where it is assumed that muscle response has minimal influence on passenger kinematics. Conversely, when assessing the effectiveness of integral safety systems like emergency braking, muscle function plays a crucial role in passenger movement during low acceleration situations ( Ejima et al, 2007 ; Ejima et al, 2008 ; Ejima et al, 2012 ). However, ATDs and PMHSs have limited biofidelity, particularly regarding muscle response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although all parts of the body interact to produce a global body response during emergency braking, the existing studies on body movement during a road traffic accident ( Panjabi et al, 2004 ; Ejima et al, 2007 ; Behr et al, 2010 ; Carlsson and Davidsson, 2011 ; Ejima et al, 2012 ; Rooij et al, 2013 ; Ólafsdóttir et al, 2013 ; Östh et al, 2013 ; Kuo et al, 2018 ; Holt et al, 2020 ; Ghaffari and Davidsson, 2021 ; Larsson et al, 2022 ) have predominantly focused on evaluating the head-neck system or the kinematics of the head and torso separately, neglecting the role of the pelvis, which is typically supported by the seat belt. In addition, they often present results independently without analyzing possible coordination between the movement of the different anatomical regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Santos-Cuadros,

Page del Pozo,

Álvarez-Caldas

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Analyzing human body movement is a critical aspect of biomechanical studies in road safety. While most studies have traditionally focused on assessing the head-neck system due to the restraint provided by seat belts, it is essential to examine the entire pelvis-thorax-head kinematic chain when these body regions are free to move. The absence of restraint systems is prevalent in public transport and is also being considered for future integration into autonomous vehicles operating at low speeds. This article presents an experimental study examining the movement of the pelvis, thorax and head of 18 passengers seated without seat belts during emergency braking in an autonomous bus. The movement was recorded using a video analysis system capturing 100 frames per second. Reflective markers were placed on the knee, pelvis, lumbar region, thorax, neck and head, enabling precise measurement of the movement of each body segment and the joints of the lumbar and cervical spine. Various kinematic variables, including angles, displacements, angular velocities and accelerations, were measured. The results delineate distinct phases of body movement during braking and elucidate the coordination and sequentiality of pelvis, thorax and head rotation. Additionally, the study reveals correlations between pelvic rotation, lumbar flexion, and vertical trunk movement, shedding light on their potential impact on neck compression. Notably, it is observed that the elevation of the C7 vertebra is more closely linked to pelvic tilt than lumbar flexion. Furthermore, the study identifies that the maximum angular acceleration of the head and the maximum tangential force occur during the trunk’s rebound against the seatback once the vehicle comes to a complete stop. However, these forces are found to be insufficient to cause neck injury. While this study serves as a preliminary investigation, its findings underscore the need to incorporate complete trunk kinematics, particularly of the pelvis, into braking and impact studies, rather than solely focusing on the head-neck system, as is common in most research endeavors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Santos-Cuadros,

Page del Pozo,

Álvarez-Caldas

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Neck muscle activation has been examined in FE HBM including the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC), Royal Institute of Technology model (KTH), Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association model (JAMA), Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS), and simTK models. 8,12,21,49 Considering contemporary HBM, only the GHBMC and THUMS models incorporate a combination of skin, adipose tissue, 3D passive muscles, and active 1D muscles. The soft tissues are relevant for the head and neck kinematics because of the increase in stiffness of the system resulting from these tissues.…”

Section: Hbms With Active Musculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Vestibulocollic and Cervicocollic Muscle Reflexes in a Finite Element Neck Model During Multidirectional Impacts

2021

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Active neck musculature plays an important role in the response of the head and neck during impact and can affect the risk of injury. Finite element Human Body Models (HBM) have been proposed with open and closed-loop controllers for activation of muscle forces; however, the controllers in many current models are often calibrated to specific experimental loading cases, without considering the intrinsic role of physiologic muscle reflex mechanisms under different loading conditions. The goal of this study was to develop a closed-loop controller for a contemporary male HBM to represent muscle activation mechanisms based on the vestibulocollic and cervicocollic reflexes. Dual PID controllers were implemented, with head rotation and muscle stretch used for input.Controller parameters were optimized using volunteer data and then independently assessed across twelve impact conditions. The kinematics from the closed-loop controller simulations showed good average correlations to the experimental data (0.699) for the impacts. Compared to a previous optimized open-loop activation strategy, the average difference was less than 9%. The incorporation of the reflex mechanisms using a closedloop controller can provide robust performance for a range of impact directions and severities, which is critical to improving HBM response under a larger spectrum of automotive impact simulations.

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“…In literature, we can find numerous biomechanical studies [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] focused on the assessment of cervical behaviour. Many of these studies were performed using animals [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], crash dummies [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], full-body cadavers [ 12 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], isolated cervical [ 12 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], head–neck complexes and computational models [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Emergency Braking Test with an Autonomous Bus and the sEMG Neck Response by Means of a Low-Cost System

et al. 2020

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Nowadays, due to the advances and the increasing implementation of the autonomous braking systems in vehicles, the non-collision accident is expected to become more common than a crash when a sudden stop happens. The most common injury in this kind of accident is whiplash or cervical injury since the neck has high sensitivity to sharp deceleration. To date, biomechanical research has usually been developed inside laboratories and does not entirely represent real conditions (e.g., restraint systems or surroundings of the experiment). With the aim of knowing the possible neck effects and consequences of an automatic emergency braking inside an autonomous bus, a surface electromyography (sEMG) system built by low-cost elements and developed by us, in tandem with other devices, such as accelerometers or cameras, were used. Moreover, thanks to the collaboration of 18 participants, it was possible to study the non-collision effects in two different scenarios (braking test in which the passenger is seated and looking ahead while talking with somebody in front of him (BT1) and, a second braking test where the passenger used a smartphone (BT2) and nobody is seated in front of him talking to him). The aim was to assess the sEMG neck response in the most common situations when somebody uses some kind of transport in order to conclude which environments are riskier regarding a possible cervical injury.

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Validation of human spine model under the low-speed rear-end impact

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Vestibulocollic and Cervicocollic Muscle Reflexes in a Finite Element Neck Model During Multidirectional Impacts

Study of the Emergency Braking Test with an Autonomous Bus and the sEMG Neck Response by Means of a Low-Cost System

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