Validation of Hippuric Acid as a Biomarker of Toluene Exposure

Duydu, Yalçın; Süzen, Sinan; Erdem, Nurten; Uysal, Handan; Vural, Nevın

doi:10.1007/s001289900940

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Bodily HA levels can also be elevated due to environmental exposure to toluene. Factory workers and those exposed to high levels of air pollution have elevated HA levels, and for many years this was believed to be a reliable measure of toluene exposure [ 41 , 42 ]. However, there are now doubts about the validity of using HA as a biomarker for toluene exposure due to inter- and intra-individual variabilities caused by diet, medical treatments, and alcohol consumption [ 43 ].…”

Section: Pbut Derivation and Pathological Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Derived Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins

Graboski

Redinbo

2020

Toxins

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) afflicts more than 500 million people worldwide and is one of the fastest growing global causes of mortality. When glomerular filtration rate begins to fall, uremic toxins accumulate in the serum and significantly increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and other causes. Several of the most harmful uremic toxins are produced by the gut microbiota. Furthermore, many such toxins are protein-bound and are therefore recalcitrant to removal by dialysis. We review the derivation and pathological mechanisms of gut-derived, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs). We further outline the emerging relationship between kidney disease and gut dysbiosis, including the bacterial taxa altered, the regulation of microbial uremic toxin-producing genes, and their downstream physiological and neurological consequences. Finally, we discuss gut-targeted therapeutic strategies employed to reduce PBUTs. We conclude that targeting the gut microbiota is a promising approach for the treatment of CKD by blocking the serum accumulation of PBUTs that cannot be eliminated by dialysis.

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Section: Pbut Derivation and Pathological Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Derived Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins

Graboski

Redinbo

2020

Toxins

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“…Toluene toxicity is a clinical diagnosis, although serum toluene and urine hippuric acid have been described as diagnostic measures. 16,20 In our case, diagnostic delay and improper sample handling rendered these tests inconclusive. Therefore, awareness should be lent to toluene as a cause in severe hypokalemia.…”

Section: Toluene Reviewmentioning

confidence: 62%

Toluene Toxicity: A Case Report of Transdermal Exposure Causing Hypokalemic Paralysis

Tran

Hinther

Bueti

et al. 2019

Can J Kidney Health Dis

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Rationale: Hypokalemia is a common finding. Typically asymptomatic presentations of neuromuscular weakness emerge at levels below 2.5 mmol/L. Causes include gastrointestinal losses, renal losses, or intracellular shift, with gastrointestinal losses and diuretics accounting for the majority. Although the cause is often apparent on clinical assessment, a systematic approach incorporating urine biochemistry can aid in narrowing the differential in obscure cases. Presentation: We describe a case of a previously healthy 27-year-old man who presented with acute ascending paralysis, with an associated severe hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. There were no apparent causes on clinical assessment. Diagnosis: Based on analysis of urine biochemistry, we concluded that a pathologic kaluresis was present, and given his acidemia and transient pathology, we diagnosed the patient with hypokalemic paralysis secondary to toluene toxicity. Interventions: We provided supportive care and electrolyte repletion for our patient; no specific therapies for toluene were required. Our patient was counseled regarding appropriate protective measures when handling toluene. Outcomes: Complete neurologic recovery and biochemical normalization occurred within 48 hours of presentation with supportive care. He continued to use proper precautions when handling toluene, and experienced no symptom relapse, or further abnormalities on both blood and urine chemistry. Lessons learned: Using this case, we review an algorithmic approach incorporating urine biochemistries to aid in the workup of hypokalemia. We review toluene as a toxicologic entity and highlight its role as a cause of hypokalemia.

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“…tobacco smoke), diet (particularly phenol containing products) and intestinal microflora. [179][180]181 Limitations of current metabonomic studies on bladder cancer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 20…”

Section: Hippuric Acidmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Downregulation of hippuric acid was generally observed in BC patients. ,,, Hippuric acid is an acyl glycine derived by the conjugation of benzoic acid with glycine in a reaction catalyzed by glycine N -aceyltransferase. , The excretion of hippuric acid is associated with several possible sources, including environmentally derived toxic aromatic compounds (e.g., benzoic acid, toluene), oxidative stressors (e.g., tobacco smoke), diet (particularly phenol containing products), and intestinal microflora. − …”

Section: Perturbed Metabolic Pathways In Bladder Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabonomic Profiling of Bladder Cancer

et al. 2014

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Early diagnosis and life-long surveillance are clinically important to improve the long-term survival of bladder cancer patients. Currently, a noninvasive biomarker that is as sensitive and specific as cystoscopy in detecting bladder tumors is lacking. Metabonomics is a complementary approach for identifying perturbed metabolic pathways in bladder cancer. Significant progress has been made using modern metabonomic techniques to characterize and distinguish bladder cancer patients from control subjects, identify marker metabolites, and shed insights on the disease biology and potential therapeutic targets. With its rapid development, metabonomics has the potential to impact the clinical management of bladder cancer patients in the future by revolutionizing the diagnosis and life-long surveillance strategies and stratifying patients for diagnostic, surgical, and therapeutic clinical trials. An introduction to metabonomics, typical metabonomic workflow, and critical evaluation of metabonomic investigations in identifying biomarkers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer are presented.

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Validation of Hippuric Acid as a Biomarker of Toluene Exposure

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Gut-Derived Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins

Gut-Derived Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins

Toluene Toxicity: A Case Report of Transdermal Exposure Causing Hypokalemic Paralysis

Metabonomic Profiling of Bladder Cancer

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