Validation of high performance liquid chromatography–electrochemical detection methods with simultaneous extraction procedure for the determination of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in human plasma for application in clinical pharmacological studies of artesunate–amodiaquine drug combination

Validation and Pharmacokinetic Application of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Technique for Determining the Concentrations of Amodiaquine and Its Metabolite in Plasma of Patients Treated with Oral Fixed-Dose Amodiaquine-Artesunate Combination in Areas of Malaria Endemicity

“…3). Although the pharmacokinetic parameters of AQ and DAQ observed in our study compared well with those from previous studies, there were some variations in the values reported among the studies (7,8,10,11,13,14,16,17) from malaria patient or healthy adult volunteers ( Table 5). The disparities could be due to differences in race, study designs, subjects, sampling duration, and dosage regimen.…”

“…This underscores the importance of routine therapeutic drug monitoring when artesunate is coadministered with AQ, to ensure not only appropriate drug dosing, but also that the dosing regimen results in concentrations in the blood sufficiently high to kill the residual parasites. A diseased state significantly alters the disposition of antimalarial drugs, yet several analytical techniques that reported the quantification of AQ and DAQ (2,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) in various biological fluids demonstrated its applicability only either in healthy volunteers or in patients administered AQ as monotherapy. To our knowledge, there is only one published analytical method (14) for AQ that has demonstrated its applicability for use in malaria patients taking an amodiaquine-artesunate (AQAS) combination.…”

Development of sensitive direct chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for the determination of dihydroartemisinin in plasma

“…Among them, mainly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with mass spectrometric or electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) were developed for the measurement of AS or AM and DHA in human plasma including various sample preparation methods (e.g., solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and protein precipitation) [4][5][6][7]. Analytical methods were also developed for the simultaneous determination of several antimalarial drugs in human plasma since the artemisinin derivatives are routinely applied in combination with other antimalarial drugs [8,9]. Despite the advantages of such methodology, these methods are hindered by high technical requirement and cost of use, making them not available in all routine laboratories that perform drug monitoring especially in developing countries.…”

Simultaneous Determination of Artesunate and Amodiaquine in Fixed-Dose Combination by a RP-HPLC Method with Double UV Detection: Implementation in Interlaboratory Study Involving Seven African National Quality Control Laboratories

“…Therefore, an alternative improved and validated method could be proposed. Moreover, most of existing methods involve electro chemical [19,20] or mass spectrometry [21][22][23] detection, this type of equipment being mostly unavailable in National Quality Control Laboratories of sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to develop and validate an analytical method by HPLC-UV, easy and inexpensive to implement, allowing the simultaneous determination of AS and AQ in ACT pharmaceutical associations.…”