Validation of energy deposition simulations for proton and heavy ion losses in the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Lechner, Anton; Auchmann, Bernhard; Baer, Tobias; Castro, Cristina Bahamonde; Bruce, Roderik; Cerutti, F.; Esposito, L. S.; Ferrari, A.; Jowett, John; Mereghetti, Alessio; Pietropaolo, F.; Redaelli, Stefano; Salvachua, Belen; Sapinski, Mariusz; Schaumann, Michaela; Shetty, Nikhil Vittal; Vlachoudis, V.; Skordis, E.

doi:10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.22.071003

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This number of tracks is similar to the observations within statistical uncertainties. It is worthwhile pointing out that the statistical error is smaller than the combination of the uncertainties on input fluxes on the order of 10% on the basis of our previous experience with LISA Pathfinder (Grimani et al 2019) and the intrinsic Monte Carlo resolution also on the order of 10% (Lechner et al 2019). While the detector does not allow us to distinguish different particle species, the simulations indicate that for primary protons the particles traversing the sensitive part of the detector in particle numbers to the total number down to 1% in composition are: 80% protons, 17% electrons and positrons, and 3% pions.…”

Section: Comparison Of Simulations and Cosmic-ray Observations In The Metis Visible Light Imagesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Cosmic-ray flux predictions and observations for and with Metis on board Solar Orbiter

Grimani

Andretta

Chioetto

et al. 2021

A&A

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Context. The Metis coronagraph is one of the remote sensing instruments hosted on board the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission. Metis is devoted to carry out the first simultaneous imaging of the solar corona in both visible light (VL) and ultraviolet (UV). High-energy particles can penetrate spacecraft materials and may limit the performance of the on-board instruments. A study of the galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) tracks observed in the first VL images gathered by Metis during the commissioning phase is presented here. A similar analysis is planned for the UV channel. Aims. We aim to formulate a prediction of the GCR flux up to hundreds of GeV for the first part of the Solar Orbiter mission to study the performance of the Metis coronagraph. Methods. The GCR model predictions are compared to observations gathered on board Solar Orbiter by the High-Energy Telescope in the range between 10 MeV and 100 MeV in the summer of 2020 as well as with the previous measurements. Estimated cosmic-ray fluxes above 70 MeV n−1 have been also parameterized and used for Monte Carlo simulations aimed at reproducing the cosmic-ray track observations in the Metis coronagraph VL images. The same parameterizations can also be used to study the performance of other detectors. Results. By comparing observations of cosmic-ray tracks in the Metis VL images with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations of cosmic-ray interactions in the VL detector, we find that cosmic rays fire only a fraction, on the order of 10−4, of the whole image pixel sample. We also find that the overall efficiency for cosmic-ray identification in the Metis VL images is approximately equal to the contribution of Z ≥ 2 GCR particles. A similar study will be carried out during the whole of the Solar Orbiter’s mission duration for the purposes of instrument diagnostics and to verify whether the Metis data and Monte Carlo simulations would allow for a long-term monitoring of the GCR proton flux.

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Section: Comparison Of Simulations and Cosmic-ray Observations In The Metis Visible Light Imagesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Cosmic-ray flux predictions and observations for and with Metis on board Solar Orbiter

Grimani

Andretta

Chioetto

et al. 2021

A&A

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“…Although the fluences cannot be directly measured with BLMs, the FLUKA particle transport software [12], [13] enables us to perform simulations that can be later scaled with the BLM's TID measurements in order to retrieve fluences. For benchmarked regions, agreement between FLUKA simulations with the implemented BLMs and BLM measurements is better than 40% [14].…”

Section: ) Beam Loss Monitorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Radiation Environment in the LHC Arc Sections During Run 2 and Future HL-LHC Operations

Biłko

Castro

Brügger

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the largest accelerator in the world, spanning a circumference of 26.7 km. During its operation, small fractions of the beams are being continuously lost. This leads to mixed-field radiation that might affect electronic equipment through both cumulative and single-event effects. This article considers the radiation environment during Run 2 (years 2015-2018) in the LHC arc sectors that constitute approximately 70% of the accelerator, housing a huge amount of electronics. There, the main magnets' configuration is periodic, and the main contributor to losses is the interaction of the beams with residual gas molecules, resulting in relatively low-radiation levels, as opposed to different parts of the LHC. However, as presented, there are locations where losses are no longer dominated by residual gas. In these locations, radiation levels are higher by up to more than two orders of magnitude and could, therefore, be problematic in terms of cumulative radiation effects on electronics. In this article, the dose measurements from beam loss monitors have been combined with the FLUKA simulation for the arc sectors in order to indirectly retrieve the residual gas densities and radiation profile under the magnet cryostats, at the equipment level, for the losses caused by residual gas. Estimations for the radiation levels in the arc sectors during the high-luminosity LHC era and potential implications for the electronics are discussed as well.

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“…The predictive ability of the FLUKA code for BLM response studies in the LHC radiation environment has been demonstrated in Ref. [40]. In the following, we use this simulation technique for reproducing dust-induced signal patterns recorded during 6.5 TeV operation in run II.…”

Section: Reconstruction Of Dust-induced Beam Losses In the Lhc Arcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of dust-induced beam losses in the cryogenic arcs of the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Lechner,

Bélanger,

Efthymiopoulos

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The interaction of dust particles with the LHC proton beams accounts for a major fraction of irregular beam loss events observed in LHC physics operation. The events cease after a few beam revolutions because of the expulsion of dust particles from the beam once they become ionized in the transverse beam tails. Despite the transient nature of these events, the resulting beam losses can trigger beam aborts or provoke quenches of superconducting magnets. In this paper, we study the characteristics of beam-dust particle interactions in the cryogenic arcs by reconstructing key observables like nuclear collision rates, loss durations and integral losses per event. The study is based on events recorded during 6.5 TeV operation with stored beam intensities of up to ∼ 3 × 10 14 protons per beam. We show that inelastic collision rates can reach almost 10 12 collisions per second, resulting in a loss of up to ∼ 1.6 × 10 8 protons per event. We demonstrate that the experimental distributions and their dependence on beam parameters can be described quantitatively by a previously developed simulation model if dust particles are assumed to be attracted by the beam. The latter finding is consistent with recent time profile studies and yields further evidence that dust particles carry a negative charge when entering the beam. We also develop different hypotheses regarding the absence of higher-loss events in the measurements, although such events are theoretically not excluded by the simulation model. The results provide grounds for predicting dust-induced beam losses in presence of higher-intensity beams in future runs of the High-Luminosity LHC.

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Validation of energy deposition simulations for proton and heavy ion losses in the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Cited by 36 publications

References 36 publications

Cosmic-ray flux predictions and observations for and with Metis on board Solar Orbiter

Cosmic-ray flux predictions and observations for and with Metis on board Solar Orbiter

Radiation Environment in the LHC Arc Sections During Run 2 and Future HL-LHC Operations

Study of dust-induced beam losses in the cryogenic arcs of the CERN Large Hadron Collider

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