Validation of Chronic Restraint Stress Model in Young Adult Rats for the Study of Depression Using Longitudinal Multimodal MR Imaging

Abstract

Validation of chronic restraint stress model in young adult rats for the study of depression using longitudinal multimodal MR imaging MRI-based validation of CRS depression model

Type 1 interferon mediates chronic stress-induced neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits via complement component 3-dependent pathway

“…In the above paradigm, mice were exposed to continuous and predictable stress that mimic chronic stress conditions, such as daily repetition of stressful jobs and familial stress in humans ( 78 ). Several earlier studies support the validity of this model, in particular on the effects of chronic stress on anxiety and depression-like behaviors ( 44 – 47 ), functional connectivity of the brain ( 48 , 49 ), hippocampal volume ( 50 , 57 ), social behavior ( 51 ) and cognitive functions ( 53 – 56 , 58 ) similar to those in human subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression ( 78 ). RS is known to induce persistent low-grade inflammation, as evidenced by increases in peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as TNFα ( 79 , 80 ).…”

Changes in the rodent gut microbiome following chronic restraint stress and low-intensity rTMS

“…The CRS procedure was carried out for 2.5 h/day for 13 consecutive days as described previously ( Seewoo et al, 2020 ). Animals receiving LI-rTMS were habituated to handling and the coil as described previously ( Rodger et al, 2012 ; Makowiecki et al, 2014 ).…”

“…Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and behavioural data were acquired at the four timepoints using previously published methods ( Seewoo et al, 2020 ). Spearman correlations were performed between the microbiome data and the following MRI and behavioural measures from unpublished results: GABA and glutamate concentration (as a ratio to total creatine concentration) obtained from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) within the sensorimotor cortex; hippocampal volume obtained from T2-weighted anatomical MRI data; cingulate cortex functional connectivity obtained from seed-based analysis of resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data; functional connectivity within the interoceptive network, salience network and default mode network obtained from independent component analysis of rs-fMRI data; number of exits from the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM); time spent immobile during the forced swim test (FST); time spent swimming during FST; and latency, which is the time taken to exhibit the first immobility behaviour during FST.…”

Gradual Restraint Habituation for Awake Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined With a Sparse Imaging Paradigm Reduces Motion Artifacts and Stress Levels in Rodents

“…Although physical restraint is currently an irreplaceable tool to minimize motion, and acoustic noise intrinsically accompanies fMRI recordings, both are potent stressors for rodents (Porro and Carli, 1988;Khasar et al, 2005;Low et al, 2016). Furthermore, both are used to create animal models of chronic stress (Kugler et al, 1990;Van raaij et al, 1996;Khasar et al, 2005;Anisman et al, 2007) and even of clinical depression (Pittenger and Duman, 2008;Li et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2019;Seewoo et al, 2020). Cognitionrelated brain activation seen in fMRI data is very likely to be confounded by factors such as restraint-induced and noiserelated stress (Pavlides et al, 2002;Cerqueira et al, 2007;Maggio and Segal, 2007;Patel et al, 2012).…”