Validation of a Wearable Device and an Algorithm for Respiratory Monitoring During Exercise

Sensing Systems for Respiration Monitoring: A Technical Systematic Review

“…Twenty-six studies reported that motion artifacts were considered during testing. They showed that the inclusion of motion artifacts in experiments greatly influenced sensor performance [ 2 , 9 , 17 , 53 , 61 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 81 , 108 , 109 , 117 , 119 , 131 , 132 , 135 , 147 , 157 , 178 , 187 , 190 , 196 , 205 , 210 , 221 , 225 ]. In relation to the activities or positions considered in the experiments, lying down and sitting were the most tested positions.…”

“…In relation to the activities or positions considered in the experiments, lying down and sitting were the most tested positions. Other positions or activities, like standing, walking, moving, or running, were used in a minority of studies [ 2 , 17 , 21 , 61 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 91 , 94 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 115 , 118 , 119 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 135 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 177 , 178 , 188 , 205 , 214 , 233 , 235 ]. Most of the studies that provided information on activities considered more than one position [ 2 , 6 , 9 , 17 , 21 , 52 , 53 , 61 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 68 ,…”

“…Figure 35 shows that “absolute error”, “relative/percentage error”, “Bland-Altman plot”, and “correlation coefficient” were the preferred formal metrics for wearable and environmental systems. The use of “root mean square error” [ 48 , 52 , 95 , 107 , 115 , 117 , 147 , 164 , 170 , 171 , 187 , 198 ], “linear regression” [ 68 , 161 , 167 , 183 , 209 ], and “accuracy” [ 7 , 76 , 133 , 161 , 179 , 190 , 193 , 207 , 216 ] was limited. Furthermore, the percentage of studies that provided an “informal” figure of merit was much higher for the wearable category (45%) than for the environmental group (17%).…”

“…No study reported an absolute error value greater than 4 bpm. In relation to the Bland-Altman analysis, the mean of the differences was less than 0.2 bpm in 49% of the studies that provided data on this metric [ 48 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 78 , 94 , 95 , 112 , 115 , 126 , 167 , 170 , 172 , 180 , 195 , 200 , 210 , 228 ].…”

“…Other parameters, such as size or weight, can also affect the adoption of the technology. These parameters have only been provided in a limited number of studies [ 2 , 3 , 17 , 21 , 49 , 62 , 64 , 68 , 72 , 85 , 93 , 94 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 103 , 105 , 108 , 110 , 113 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 120 , 124 , 126 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 141 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 148 , 161 ]. Future works should also consider size and weight as important factors in the design of sensing systems, subjecting them to evaluation.…”