Validation of a methodology to determine Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes concentration present in the air and adsorbed in activated charcoal passive samplers by GC/FID chromatography

Gallego-Díez, Mary Luz; Correa, Mauricio; Saldarriaga-Molina, Julio C.

doi:10.17533/udea.redin.n79a13

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…This shows, mainly for stations measuring benzene, the low quality of the measurements available, and while this reduction may be perceived as a limitation for model evaluation, it is a critical measure to ensure the reliability of measurements. It is also crucial to recognise the potential measurement uncertainties, as exemplified by Gallego-Díez et al (2016), which can significantly vary based on the chosen methodology and instrumentation setup. The measurement methods for each station, when available, are detailed in Appendix F. 3 Results…”

Section: Air Quality Network and Observational Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

On the uncertainty of anthropogenic aromatic VOC emissions: evaluation and sensitivity analysis

Oliveira,

Guevara,

Jorba

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly impact air quality and atmospheric chemistry, influencing ozone formation and secondary organic aerosol production. Despite their importance, the uncertainties associated with representing VOCs in atmospheric emission inventories are considerable. This work presents a spatiotemporal assessment and evaluation of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) emissions and concentrations in Spain by combining bottom-up emissions, air quality modelling techniques and ground-based observations. The emissions produced by HERMESv3 were used as input to the MONARCH model to simulate surface concentrations across Spain. Comparing modelled and observed levels revealed uncertainty in the anthropogenic emissions, which were further explored through sensitivity tests. The largest levels of observed benzene and xylene were found in industrial sites near coke ovens, refineries and car manufacturing facilities, where the modelling results show large underestimations. Official emissions reported for these facilities were replaced by alternative estimates, allowing to heterogeneously improve the model's performance, highlighting that uncertainties representing industrial emission processes remain. For toluene, consistent overestimations in background stations were mainly related to uncertainties in the spatial disaggregation of emissions from industrial use solvent activities, mainly wood paint applications. Observed benzene levels in Barcelona's urban traffic areas were five times larger than the ones observed in Madrid. MONARCH failed to reproduce the observed gradient between the two cities due to uncertainties in estimating emissions from motorcycles and mopeds. Our results are constrained by the spatial and temporal coverage of available BTX observations, posing a key challenge in evaluating the spatial distribution of modelled levels and associated emissions.

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Section: Air Quality Network and Observational Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

On the uncertainty of anthropogenic aromatic VOC emissions: evaluation and sensitivity analysis

Oliveira,

Guevara,

Jorba

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Pengukuran dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali (pagi, siang, sore) di masingmasing titik, menggunakan metode GC-FID (Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector) sesuai referensi NIOSH 1501-2003(NIOSH, 2003 (Gallego et al, 2016). Data karakteristik, perilaku pekerja, dan keluhan penyakit diperoleh melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Penggunaan Lem Sepatu Dan Gangguan Kesehatan Pekerja Industri Sepatu Di Ciomas, Bogor

Laelasari

Kristanti

Rahmat

2018

jek

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The use of glue in shoe manufactures may cause health impacts among workers due to hazardous chemical exposure in glue such as benzene and toluene. The government has issued policies to prevent the workers from occupational illness by reducing the hazardous chemical exposure in the workplace. This study was conducted to find out health impacts due to benzenae and toluene exposure from the use of glue in the workplace of shoe manufactures in Ciomas, Bogor in 2017. Design of the study was cross sectional with variables of benzene and toluene content in indoor workspace, consentration of urinary S-PMA, and perceived health symptoms of workers. Samples of 34 respondents were obtained from 5 selected workshop. Analysis of the data was carried out descriptively. It was found that the content of benzene and toluene in glue are 0.1% and 55% respectively, indoor benzene vapor was below detection limit of the instrument (undetected), and concentration of urinary S-PMA was 0.24 µg/g creatinine. There was no benzene exposure to the workers in this study. High percentage of worker risk behavior were smoking, the use of PPE, and hand washing. Perceived symptoms of workers (more than 60%) were fatigue, headache, tingling. It is necessary to improve workplace with healthier and more conducive environment, and educate workers to use the PPE. ABSTRAKPenggunaan lem pada industri sepatu kemungkinan memberikan dampak kesehatan terhadap pekerja karena lem biasanya mengandung bahan berbahaya, seperti benzena dan toluena. Pemerintah sudah berupaya membuat kebijakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit akibat kerja, salah satunya adalah mengurangi pajanan bahan kimia berbahaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kesehatan akibat pajanan benzena dan toluena yang berasal dari penggunaan lem di tempat kerja di sentra industri sepatu Ciomas, Bogor pada tahun 2017. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan variabel kandungan benzena dan toluena di udara ruang kerja, kandungan S-PMA dalam urin, dan gangguan kesehatan yang dialami oleh pekerja. Jumlah sampel pekerja sebanyak 34 orang yang berasal dari 5 bengkel kerja. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar benzena dan toluena dalam lem masing-masing adalah 0,1% dan 55%, kadar uap benzena di udara ruang kerja berada di bawah limit deteksi alat (tidak terdeteksi), dan rerata kandungan S-PMA dalam urin adalah 0,24 µg/g kreatinin. Tidak terjadi pajanan benzena terhadap pekerja industri sepatu di lokasi penelitian. Perilaku berisiko pekerja dengan persentase cukup tinggi adalah merokok, penggunaan APD, dan cuci tangan. Keluhan/gangguan kesehatan yang dirasakan (lebih dari 60%) adalah cepat lelah, sakit kepala, kesemutan. Perlu perbaikan lingkungan kerja yang lebih sehat dan nyaman, dan mengedukasi pekerja untuk menggunakan APD.Kata kunci: Lem sepatu, benzena, toluena, pajanan, industri sepatu rumahan

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On the uncertainty of anthropogenic aromatic volatile organic compound emissions: model evaluation and sensitivity analysis

Oliveira,

Guevara,

Jorba

et al. 2024

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly impact air quality and atmospheric chemistry, influencing ozone formation and secondary organic aerosol production. Despite their importance, the uncertainties associated with representing VOCs in atmospheric emission inventories are considerable. This work presents a spatiotemporal assessment and evaluation of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) emissions and concentrations in Spain by combining bottom-up emissions, air quality modelling techniques, and ground-based observations. The emissions produced by High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System (HERMESv3) were used as input to the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry (MONARCH) chemical transport model to simulate surface concentrations across Spain. Comparing modelled and observed levels revealed uncertainty in the anthropogenic emissions, which were further explored through sensitivity tests. The largest levels of observed benzene and xylene were found in industrial sites near coke ovens, refineries, and car manufacturing facilities, where the modelling results show large underestimations. Official emissions reported for these facilities were replaced by alternative estimates, resulting in varied improvements in the model's performance across different stations. However, uncertainties associated with industrial emission processes persist, emphasising the need for further refinement. For toluene, consistent overestimations in background stations were mainly related to uncertainties in the spatial disaggregation of emissions from industrial-use solvent activities, mainly wood paint applications. Observed benzene levels in Barcelona's urban traffic areas were 5 times larger than the ones observed in Madrid. MONARCH failed to reproduce the observed gradient between the two cities due to uncertainties arising from estimating emissions from motorcycles and mopeds, as well as from different measurement methods and the model's capacity to accurately simulate meteorological conditions. Our results are constrained by the spatial and temporal coverage of available BTX observations, posing a key challenge in evaluating the spatial distribution of modelled levels and associated emissions.

show abstract

Validation of a methodology to determine Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes concentration present in the air and adsorbed in activated charcoal passive samplers by GC/FID chromatography

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

On the uncertainty of anthropogenic aromatic VOC emissions: evaluation and sensitivity analysis

On the uncertainty of anthropogenic aromatic VOC emissions: evaluation and sensitivity analysis

Penggunaan Lem Sepatu Dan Gangguan Kesehatan Pekerja Industri Sepatu Di Ciomas, Bogor

On the uncertainty of anthropogenic aromatic volatile organic compound emissions: model evaluation and sensitivity analysis

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