Objective: FFQ are popular instruments for assessing dietary intakes in epidemiological studies but have not been validated for use in severely obese pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to compare nutrient intakes assessed by an FFQ with those obtained from a food diary among severely obese pregnant women. Design: Comparison of an FFQ containing 170 food items and a food diary for 4 d (three weekdays and one weekend day); absolute agreement was assessed using the paired t test and relative agreement by Pearson/Spearman correlation, crossclassification into tertiles and weighted kappa values. Setting: Antenatal metabolic clinic for severely obese women. Subjects: Thirty-one severely obese (BMI at booking $40?0 kg/m 2 ) and thirty-two lean control (BMI 5 20?0-24?9 kg/m 2 ) pregnant women. Results: The findings showed that nutrient intakes estimated by the FFQ were significantly higher than those from the food diary; average correlation was 0?32 in obese and 0?43 in lean women. A mean of 48?5 % of obese and 47?3 % of lean women were correctly classified, while 12?9 % (obese) and 10?0 % (lean) were grossly misclassified. Weighted k values ranged from 20?04 to 0?79 in obese women and from 0?16 to 0?78 in lean women. Conclusions: Overall, the relative agreement between the FFQ and food diary was lower in the obese group than in the lean group, but was comparable with earlier studies conducted in pregnant women. The validity assessments suggest that the FFQ is a useful tool for ranking severely obese pregnant women according to the levels of their dietary intake.
Keywords
FFQ ValidationObesity Pregnancy Extra dietary energy is required during pregnancy to compensate for the deposition of maternal and fetal tissues and the increase in BMR (1) . However, with recent data indicating that up to a quarter of adult women are now classified as obese in the UK (2) , including in Scotland (3) , the prominent nutritional problem faced by pregnant women in developed countries is overnutrition, including pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Maternal obesity is associated with detrimental effects in both mothers and offspring. Obese mothers are at higher risk of developing pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia and having large-for-gestational-age babies (4) . Therefore, evaluation of dietary intake in this population is important.The FFQ is a popular instrument for assessing dietary intakes in epidemiological studies, mostly because it is relatively inexpensive and does not place a heavy burden on either the respondent or research staff. The FFQ also allows collection of information on usual or average food intake over an extended period, thus reflecting habitual intake, rather than a snapshot of a few days' diet (5,6) . Therefore FFQ have been used to investigate the nutritional status of pregnant women (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) , but not severely obese pregnant women.There are, however, some limitations in the use of the FFQ to estimate food int...