“…However, in order to increase spatial accuracy while maintaining correct performance scores, accurate emission proxies (e.g. Bessagnet et al (2023)) or a Gaussian dispersion model (Denby et al, 2020;Hooyberghs et al, 2022) need to be used with such methods. Finally, thanks to advances in machine learning and the increased availability of satellite data, statistical regression approaches based on land use characteristics (Land Use Regressions models) can offer promising spatial resolutions.…”