Validation and Evaluation of a Ship Echo-Based Array Phase Manifold Calibration Method for HF Surface Wave Radar DOA Estimation and Current Measurement

Abstract

Shore-based phased-array HF radars have been widely used for remotely sensing ocean surface current, wave, and wind around the world. However, phase uncertainties, especially phase distortions, in receiving elements significantly degrade the performance of beam forming and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for phased-array HF radar. To address this problem, the conventional array signal model is modified by adding a direction-based phase error matrix. Subsequently, an array phase manifold calibration method using antenna responses of incoming ship echoes is proposed. Later, an assessment on the proposed array calibration method is made based on the DOA estimations and current measurements that are obtained from the datasets that were collected with a multi-frequency HF (MHF) radar. MHF radar-estimated DOAs using three calibration strategies are compared with the ship directions that are provided by an Automatic Identification System (AIS). Additionally, comparisons between the MHF radar-derived currents while using three calibration strategies and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP)-measured currents are made. The results indicate that the proposed array calibration method is effective in DOA estimation and current measurement for phased-array HF radars, especially in the phase distortion situation.

Antenna Pattern Calibration Method for Phased Array of High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar Based on First-Order Sea Clutter

“…Although an aerial drone has been designed as a carrier for the transponder to reduce the cost, this method is limited by the endurance of the drone [21]. Meanwhile, similar to active calibration, some methods have combined ship echoes and automatic identification system (AIS) data to estimate the antenna pattern [22][23][24]. These methods only involve numerical calculations and do not require an actual transponder.…”