Valence and Value

Carruthers, Peter

doi:10.1111/phpr.12395

Cited by 95 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…All affective responses have positive or negative valence. Valence provides ‘an evaluative “common currency” for use in affectively-based decision making’ [ 28 ]. Animals are likely to vary in the richness of their experiences of valence.…”

Section: E-richnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensions of Animal Consciousness

Birch

Schnell

Clayton

2020

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

186

137

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How does consciousness vary across the animal kingdom? Are some animals ‘more conscious’ than others? This article presents a multidimensional framework for understanding interspecies variation in states of consciousness. The framework distinguishes five key dimensions of variation: perceptual richness, evaluative richness, integration at a time, integration across time, and selfconsciousness. For each dimension, existing experiments that bear on it are reviewed and future experiments are suggested. By assessing a given species against each dimension, we can construct a consciousness profile for that species. On this framework, there is no single scale along which species can be ranked as more or less conscious. Rather, each species has its own distinctive consciousness profile.

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Section: E-richnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensions of Animal Consciousness

Birch

Schnell

Clayton

2020

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

186

137

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“…We use “affect” as an umbrella term to denote emotions such as anxiety or joy; stress responses such as feeling threatened or feeling challenged; impulses such as an urge to flee or to have a drink; and moods such as depression or elation. Despite their differences, what these diverse processes have in common is that they all involve valuation – a good‐for‐me vs. bad‐for‐me distinction – that can shape behavior. For instance, anxiety, feeling threatened, an urge to flee, and depression all signal that something is unpleasant and worth avoiding.…”

Section: Affect Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental illness and well‐being: an affect regulation perspective

2019

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Mental health crucially depends upon affective states such as emotions, stress responses, impulses and moods. These states shape how we think, feel and behave. Often, they support adaptive functioning. At other times, however, they can become detrimental to mental health via maladaptive affect generation processes and/or maladaptive affect regulation processes. Here, we present an integrative framework for considering the role of affect generation and regulation in mental illness and well-being. Our model views affect generation as an iterative cycle of attending to, appraising and responding to situations. It views affect regulation as an iterative series of decisions aimed at altering affect generation. Affect regulation decisions include identifying what, if anything, should be changed about affect, selecting where to intervene in the affect generation cycle, choosing how to implement this intervention, and monitoring the regulation attempt to decide whether to maintain, switch or stop it. Difficulties with these decisions, often arising from biased inputs to them, can contribute to manifestations of mental illness such as clinical symptoms, syndromes and disorders. The model has a number of implications for clinical assessment and treatment. Specifically, it offers a common set of concepts for characterizing different affective states; it highlights interactions between affect generation and affect regulation; it identifies assessment and treatment targets among the component processes of affect regulation; and it is applicable to prevention and treatment of mental illness as well as to promotion and restoration of psychological well-being.

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“…Tsukiura & Cabeza, 2011), they can also serve as positive reinforcers in conditioning tasks (Bray & O'Doherty, 2007). The degree to which value can be conceptualised as a unitary construct, or as reflecting multiple computations (e.g., liking vs. wanting; emotional valence vs. motivation) is an unsettled issue in the literature (Berridge, Robinson, & Aldridge, 2009;Carruthers, 2017;Chiew & Braver, 2011). Therefore, these experiments set out to determine whether a sample of these value manipulations might also be linked to the attentional boost effect.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of value in the attentional boost effect

Swallow

Atir

2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Focusing attention on one item typically interferes with the ability to process other information. Yet, target detection can both facilitate memory for items paired with the target (the attentional boost effect) and increase the perceived value of those items (cued approach). Because long-term memory is better for valuable items than for neutral items, we asked whether the attentional boost effect is due to changes in the perceived value of items that are paired with targets. In three experiments, participants memorised a series of briefly presented images that depicted valuable (e.g., food) or neutral (e.g., children's toys) items. Whenever an item appeared, a square flashed in its centre. Participants pressed a button if the square was a target colour but not if it was a distractor colour. Consistent with previous research, targetpaired items were remembered better than distractor-paired items and were rated as more valuable. Importantly, if memory for target-paired items is enhanced because they increased in perceived value, then valuable items should have been better remembered than neutral items. However, we found no evidence that value enhanced memory for the items in this task. Thus, it is unlikely that the attentional boost effect is due to changes in perceived value.

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Valence and Value

Cited by 95 publications

References 79 publications

Dimensions of Animal Consciousness

Dimensions of Animal Consciousness

Mental illness and well‐being: an affect regulation perspective

The role of value in the attentional boost effect

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