Vaginal colonization by bacteria and yeast

Rp, Galask

doi:10.1016/0020-7292(89)90484-0

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…[30][31][32] These physiologic features are certainly key determinants of microbial colonization of the vaginal mucosa. 7,33 In 1976, Goplerud et al isolated Lactobacillus spp and C. albicans at consistently increased rates over all 3 trimesters in healthy pregnant women. 34 These early observations provided preliminary evidence for a positive correlation between estrogen levels and vaginal colonization of microbes.…”

Section: Fungal Commensalism In the Vaginamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical and anecdotal reports frequently link symptomatic Candida vaginitis to the luteal phase, just prior to menses, which is marked by both a high estrogen state and increased vaginal pH. 7 Researchers have documented enhanced C. albicans adherence to vaginal epithelial cells through estrogen signaling. 41 Further, while Candida is known for its broad pH-range tolerability, adherence to vaginal epithelial cells is significantly enhanced at pH 6 compared to pH 3-4.…”

Section: Fungal Commensalism In the Vaginamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 The food source used by Candida in a particular niche is not a trivial detail, as studies have clearly indicated the effects of environmental cues, such as nutrient availability, on cell wall architecture [43][44][45] which impacts interactions between Candida and immune cells. Recent in vitro work has shown that in the presence of lactic acid (as the sole carbon source) C. albicans is taken up by macrophages less efficiently and can alter immune cell cytokine profiles, specifically by increasing IL-10 and decreasing IL-17 production.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women's health and diseases

2016

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Most of what is known about fungi in the human vagina has come from culture-based studies and phenotypic characterization of single organisms. Though valuable, these approaches have masked the complexity of fungal communities within the vagina. The vaginal mycobiome has become an emerging field of study as genomics tools are increasingly employed and we begin to appreciate the role these fungal communities play in human health and disease. Though vastly outnumbered by its bacterial counterparts, fungi are important constituents of the vaginal ecosystem in many healthy women. Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, colonizes 20% of women without causing any overt symptoms, yet it is one of the leading causes of infectious vaginitis. Understanding its mechanisms of commensalism and pathogenesis are both essential to developing more effective therapies. Describing the interactions between Candida, bacteria (such as Lactobacillus spp.) and other fungi in the vagina is fundamental to our characterization of the vaginal mycobiome.

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Section: Fungal Commensalism In the Vaginamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fungal Commensalism In the Vaginamentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women's health and diseases

2016

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“…Despite many improvements in therapy and supportive care, the mortality from GBS sepsis remains unacceptably high (7). Many reports indicate that GBS colonization of the maternal birth canal is the most important source for neonatal sepsis (8)(9)(10). Studies of mother-infant pairs of vertically transmitted GBS have demonstrated significant differences between some of the pairs in the expression of typespecific capsular polysaccharide (1 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of Capsule in Pulmonary Hypertension Induced by Group B Streptococcus

Philips¹,

Li²,

Gray

et al. 1992

Pediatr Res

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ABSTRACT. The type-specific polysaccharide capsule of group B streptococcus (GBS) is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of disease. We used an acutely instrumented piglet model to assess the hemodynamic effects of rapid infusions of two heat-killed GBS type Ib strains isolated from the spinal fluid of an infant with lateonset meningitis and from the vaginal culture of his mother. These strains expressed different amounts of capsule, as determined by buoyant density centrifugation and-electron microera~hs. and thev ~roduced different hemodvnamic ---effects in thk piglets.*~he mother's strain, whichv had a smaller capsule, caused significantly higher increases in pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance than did the infant's strain, which had a larger capsule. Transposon mutants were then made from the infant's isolate to further study the role of capsule in pulmonary hypertension. Two mutants lacking detectable capsular type-specific polysaccharide were compared with the original isolate and with an isogenic mutant containing transposons but having a large capsule. The nonencapsulated mutants caused significantly higher changes in pulmonary artery pressure and resistance than did the encapsulated strains. Pulmonary hypertension may play a role in the pathophysiology of GBS sepsis, but the presence of a large capsule may partially cloak the hemodynamically active component(s) of the bacteria. The lower initial host response to heavily encapsulated GBS may play a role in pathogenesis by helping the organisms avoid host defense mechanisms. (Pediatr Res 31: 386-390, 1992 human neonates with GBS sepsis (2, 4) and can be induced in animal models by infusion of GBS (5,6). Despite many improvements in therapy and supportive care, the mortality from GBS sepsis remains unacceptably high (7). Many reports indicate that GBS colonization of the maternal birth canal is the most important source for neonatal sepsis (8-10). Studies of mother-infant pairs of vertically transmitted GBS have demonstrated significant differences between some of the pairs in the expression of typespecific capsular polysaccharide (1 1). The presence of a large capsule is thought to be an important factor in pathogenesis and has been shown to be associated with increased virulence in a mouse model (12). Most virulence studies in animals have used death as an end point, rather than physiologic variables. Studies comparing the hemodynamic effects of paired isolates from infected infants and their mothers have not been reported. We used a piglet model to test the hypothesis that the hemodynamic effects of a pair of GBS type Ib isolates from an infected infant and its colonized mother that vary in the amount of capsular polysaccharide would be different. Isogenic transposon mutants of the infant's strain were then used to further study the role of capsule in the hemodynamic changes induced by these otherwise genetically similar GBS. MATERIALS AND METHODSAnimal preparation. Fifteen female piglets were anesthetized with halothane ...

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“…Increased colonization of the vagina by bacteria during pregnancy has been reported. 7 However, little information is available on nasopharyngeal carriage and changes herein as a consequence of prolonged hormonal adaptations of the nonurogenital mucosa during pregnancy. To the best of our knowledge, the only study related to the issue raised by our study is from Winkler et al, 8 who found an association between the levels of sex hormones (as reflected by the karyopyknotic index [KI] on colpocytologic smears) and nasal carriage rates Staphylococcus aureus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Attack Rate of Meningococcal Disease in Children With a Pregnant Mother

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To investigate the relationship between meningococcal disease and family composition, especially pregnancy in mothers.Methods. This was a retrospective matched case-control study. Case patients were children (aged 0 -18 years) who had meningococcal disease and were admitted to our hospital from 1990 to 2002. Children who were admitted to 1 of the general pediatric wards of the hospital during the same period and did not have meningococcal disease served as control subjects. One control subject (matched according to gender, age, and yea, and season of admission) was enrolled for each case patient. Parents of case patients and control subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire on family composition, birth dates of siblings, and pregnancy at the time of hospital admission.Results. A total of 88 matched case-control pairs were included. In the case group, 17 (19%) mothers reported having been pregnant at the time of hospitalization of their child, compared with 2 (2%) in the control group. Other family characteristics were not different. After adjustment for confounding factors, pregnancy of mothers remained a significant risk factor for meningococcal disease in children (odds ratio: 11.7; 95% confidence interval: 2.6 -53.9).Conclusions. Meningococcal disease in children was highly associated with pregnancy of the patient's mother during hospitalization. Mechanisms by which the presence of a pregnant mother in a family affects the attack rate of meningococcal disease in her children need additional investigation. M eningococcal disease is caused by Neisseria meningitidis and characterized by high morbidity and mortality. In the Western world, the annual incidence is 1 to 5 cases per 100 000 population. The human nasopharynx is the only known reservoir of meningococci. Although up to 10% to 15% of the normal population carries meningococci in their nasopharynx, invasive disease is rare. Both microbial (eg, virulence of the meningococcal strain) and host defense factors may affect the risk of occurrence of meningococcal disease. 1,2 The incidence of meningococcal disease is high in infants and young children up to the age of 5 years. Their relatively immature immune system may contribute to a higher susceptibility to the disease. In most people, carriage leads to a systemic protective antibody response and therefore is an immunizing process. Considering the low rate of ϳ2% of meningococcal carriage in infants and children, transmission from household members seems to play an important role in the acquisition of meningococcal disease in this age group. This assumption is supported by the relatively high carriage rates in household members who are related to an infant with meningococcal disease as opposed to the carriage rates in household members of an adult with meningococcal disease. 3 Moreover, Frasch et al 4 showed that, among household contacts of children with meningococcal disease, the mother was most likely to carry the disease isolate.The age at which meningococcal disease peaks durin...

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Vaginal colonization by bacteria and yeast

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women's health and diseases

The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women's health and diseases

Role of Capsule in Pulmonary Hypertension Induced by Group B Streptococcus

Increased Attack Rate of Meningococcal Disease in Children With a Pregnant Mother

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