Vaginal Bacteria in Mares and the Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance

Malaluang, Pongpreecha; Wilén, Elin; Frosth, Sara; Lindahl, Johanna F.; Hansson, Ingrid; Morrell, Jane M.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms10112204

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thus, each mare served as its own control. This sampling regimen was chosen as the most optimal to observe changes based on a pilot study [ 16 ]. For mares with a foal at foot, the D0 sample was taken in association with insemination, which took place at foal heat, approximately 7–10 days postpartum.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to a previous study [ 16 ], various culture media were selected to increase the chances of bacterial growth based on bacteria detected in the vagina of other animal species. The sampling swab was cultured directly on cattle or horse blood agar plates (SVA, Uppsala, Sweden) for aerobic and anaerobic conditions; a direct culture was also performed on lactose purple agar (SVA, Uppsala, Sweden), MacConkey agar (SVA, Uppsala, Sweden) and Baird-Parker agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), which were incubated aerobically at 37 ± 1 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Vaginal Bacteria in Inseminated Mares

et al. 2023

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Antimicrobials are added to semen extenders to inhibit the growth of bacteria that are transferred to the semen during collection. However, this non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials could contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to determine changes in the antibiotic susceptibility of vaginal microbiota after artificial insemination. Swabs were taken from the vagina of 26 mares immediately before artificial insemination and again 3 days later. Bacteria isolated from the vagina at both time points were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. In total, 32 bacterial species were identified. There were increases in the resistance of Escherichia coli to trimethoprim (p = 0.0006), chloramphenicol and (p = 0.012) tetracycline (p = 0.03) between day 0 and day 3. However, there was no significant effect of exposure to antibiotics in semen extenders with respect to the resistance of Staphylococcus simulans and Streptococcus equisimilis (p > 0.05). Whole-genome sequencing indicated that most phenotypic resistance was associated with genes for resistance. These results indicate that the resistance patterns of vaginal bacteria may be affected by exposure to antibiotics; therefore, it would be prudent to minimize, or preferably, avoid using antibiotics in semen extenders.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance in Vaginal Bacteria in Inseminated Mares

et al. 2023

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“…No associations were found between the stage of the ovarian cycle and the composition of that microbiome [ 21 ]. Other researchers indicated that Escherichia coli predominated in the vagina, a finding that did not differ between mares in which insemination had been performed and unbred control animals [ 24 ].…”

Section: Bacteria In the Reproductive System Of Equidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is noteworthy that, overall, the proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria recovered from the vagina of inseminated mares was higher than that among bacteria isolated from non-inseminated animals. Possibly, this might indicate a link with the exposure to antibiotics present in semen extenders [ 24 ].…”

Section: Bacteria In the Reproductive System Of Equidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance in the Reproductive System of Equids

Tyrnenopoulou

Fthenakis

2023

Antibiotics

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Antibiotic administration is a standard therapeutic practice for the treatment of reproductive disorders of equids. This might lead to undesirable microbial imbalance and could favour the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is imperative for clinicians to understand patterns of antibiotic resistance when considering and developing treatment regimes. Continued engagement of clinicians with novel alternative approaches to treat reproductive infections would be essential in order to address this rising threat within the One Health perspective. The objectives of the present review were to present the bacterial infections in the reproductive system of equids (horses, donkeys), to upraise the literature related to the issue of antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing these infections and to discuss the topic from a clinical perspective. Initially, the review summarised the various infections of the reproductive system of equids (genital system of females, genital system of males, mammary glands) and the causal bacteria, providing relevant information about horses and donkeys. Subsequently, the clinical therapeutics of these infections were presented, taking into account the significance of antibiotic resistance of bacteria as a limiting factor in treating the infections. Finally, approaches to circumvent antibiotic resistance in clinical settings were summarized. It was concluded that awareness regarding antibiotic resistance in equine reproductive medicine would increase, as we would recognise the multifaceted problem of resistance. Actions and initiatives within the One Health approach, minimizing the potential dissemination of resistant strains to humans and to the environment, with specific applications in medicine of equids should be appropriately instituted internationally.

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