Vagal afferent innervation of smooth muscle in the stomach and duodenum of the mouse: Morphology and topography

Fox, Edward A.; Phillips, Robert; Martinson, Fred A.; Baronowsky, Elizabeth A.; Powley, Terry L.

doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20001218)428:3<558::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-m

Cited by 119 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…However, inhibitory vagal fibers also innervate the stomach such that a decrease in vagal inhibitory activity could be responsible as well. Interestingly, the communication between the vagus and ICC is bidirectional in that the vagal afferent fibers have synapse-like contact with ICC [20,21]. Our observation that the meal induced an increase in heart rate, consistent with findings in another recent study [22], could also the result of a meal-induced increase in sympathetic activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Noninvasive measurements to evaluate the effects of military training on the human autonomic nervous system

et al. 2014

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Background: Chinese university freshmen receive 4-weeks military training that involved moderate to intense physical exercise. Studies have demonstrated heterogeneous effects of exercise on the autonomic nervous system. Objective: To evaluate the effects of training on the autonomic nervous system noninvasively using electrogastrograms, heart rate variability (HRV), pulse rate, and the sympathetic skin response (SSR). Methods: Twenty freshmen received all assessments in the fasting state and after a standard meal: (1) one week before the training, (2) at the end of the second week of the training, and (3) one week after the training. Results: (1) The training had a significant effect on meal-induced gastric pacemaker activity. Before the training, a standard meal did not increase the dominant frequency of gastric slow waves, but the frequency increased during and after the training; (2) The preprandial high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and very low frequency (VLF) components of heart rate variability decreased significantly after the training. The ratio of the LF and HF (LF/HF) of the heart rate variability (HRV) did not significantly change after a meal or training condition. The basal pulse rate did not change. The latencies of the sympathetic skin response (SSR), as measured in the arm muscle, increased in response to the training. Conclusion: Military training affects meal-induced changes in gastric pacemaker activity, causes a marked reduction of the vagal tone to the heart with maintenance of the vagal-sympathetic balance, and its effects on SSR may reflect a reduction in sympathetic tone.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Noninvasive measurements to evaluate the effects of military training on the human autonomic nervous system

et al. 2014

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“…IGLEs are found in the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and in reduced numbers in the upper colon. 28,29 Each axon gives rise to several IGLEs within a small area 24,25 but might also innervate widely separated areas. 30,31 IGLEs have been suggested to detect shear forces between orthogonally arranged (longitudinal and circular) muscle bundles coupled to either face of the ganglion.…”

Section: Vagal Intraganglionic Laminar Mechanoreceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrinsic primary afferent signalling in the gut

Brookes

Spencer

Costa

et al. 2013

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

242

216

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Visceral sensory neurons activate reflex pathways that control gut function and also give rise to important sensations, such as fullness, bloating, nausea, discomfort, urgency and pain. Sensory neurons are organised into three distinct anatomical pathways to the central nervous system (vagal, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral). Although remarkable progress has been made in characterizing the roles of many ion channels, receptors, and second messengers in visceral sensory neurons, the basic aim of understanding how many classes there are, and how they differ, has proven difficult to achieve. We suggest that there are just five structurally distinct types of sensory endings in the gut wall that account for essentially all of the primary afferent neurons in the three pathways. Each of these five major structural types of endings seems to show distinctive combinations of physiological responses. These types are: 'intraganglionic laminar' endings in myenteric ganglia; 'mucosal' endings located in the subepithelial layer; 'muscular mucosal' afferents, with mechanosensitive endings close to the muscularis mucosae; 'intramuscular' endings, with endings within the smooth muscle layers; and 'vascular' afferents, with sensitive endings primarily on blood vessels. 'Silent' afferents might be a subset of inexcitable 'vascular' afferents, which can be switched on by inflammatory mediators.Extrinsic sensory neurons comprise an attractive focus for targeted therapeutic intervention in a range of gastrointestinal disorders.2

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“…Intramuscular arrays (IMA) enter circular or longitudinal muscle layers, run parallel to respective muscle fibers, and bifurcate to create an array of parallel terminal elements in stomach and sphincters (28). In the stomach, these terminal elements consist of interconnected parallel axonal telodendria that are arrayed in close proximity to one another and that form appositions with interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (20). Recent ultrastructural studies have identified synapse-like connections between IMA nerve varicosities and intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM) (29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Survival dependency of intramuscular ICC on vagal afferent nerves in the cat esophagus

Huizinga¹,

Reed²,

Berezin³

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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cells of Cajal (ICC) have been proposed as stretch receptors for vagal afferent nerves in the stomach based on immunohistochemical studies. The aim of the present study was to use electron microscopy and the anterograde degeneration technique to investigate ultrastructural features and survival dependency of ICC associated with vagal afferent innervation of the cat esophagus. This is the first report on the ultrastructural characteristics of ICC in the cat esophagus. Intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM) were identified throughout the musculature, whereas ICC in the myenteric plexus were rare. ICC-IM were particularly numerous in septa aligned with smooth muscle bundles. They were in synapse-like contact with nerve varicosities and in gap junction contact with smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells also made contact with ICC through peg and socket junctions. Precision damage through small-volume injection of saline in the center of the nodose ganglion from the lateral side, known to selectively affect sensory nerves, was followed within 24 h by degeneration of a subset of nerve varicosities associated with ICC-IM, as well as degeneration of the associated ICC-IM. Smooth muscle cells were not affected. Nerves of Auerbachs plexus and associated ICC were not affected. In summary, ICC-IM aligning the esophageal muscle bundles form specialized synapse-like contacts with vagal afferent nerves as well as gap junction and peg-and-socket contacts with smooth muscle cells. This is consistent with a role of ICC-IM as stretch receptors associated with vagal afferent nerves; the ICC-vagal nerve interaction appears essential for the survival of the ICC. interstitial cells of Cajal; esophagus; stretch receptor; vagus; afferent innervation; intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal FOR NORMAL ESOPHAGEAL function, the vagus nerves provide the major sensory and motor innervation to both striated and smooth muscle portions of the esophagus. Sensory pathways from the esophagus have been studied both electrophysiologically (40, 41) and by nerve tracing techniques (4,11,28). However, the precise location and structure of the sensory receptor(s) involved in control of esophageal motor function remain controversial. It is likely that more than one structurally and functionally distinct type of mechanoreceptor exists within the esophagus (4, 5, 8). As early as 1929, intraganglionic laminar nerve endings (IGLE) were considered candidates for esophageal stretch receptors (34). In an elegant study by Berthoud and Powley (4), intramuscular vagal afferents were shown to be positioned and structured as likely candidates for the gastric stretch receptor. Intramuscular arrays (IMA) enter circular or longitudinal muscle layers, run parallel to respective muscle fibers, and bifurcate to create an array of parallel terminal elements in stomach and sphincters (28). In the stomach, these terminal elements consist of interconnected parallel axonal telodendria that are arrayed in close proximity to one another and that form appositions with interstitial cells ...

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Vagal afferent innervation of smooth muscle in the stomach and duodenum of the mouse: Morphology and topography

Cited by 119 publications

References 24 publications

Noninvasive measurements to evaluate the effects of military training on the human autonomic nervous system

Noninvasive measurements to evaluate the effects of military training on the human autonomic nervous system

Extrinsic primary afferent signalling in the gut

Survival dependency of intramuscular ICC on vagal afferent nerves in the cat esophagus

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