Vagal afferent activation induces salivation and swallowing-like events in anesthetized rats

Ueda, Hirotaka; Suga, Mayu; Yagi, Takakazu; Kusumoto-Yoshida, Ikue; Kashiwadani, Hideki; Kuwaki, Tomoyuki; Miyawaki, Shouichi

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00292.2016

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Although frank gustatory responses are sparse in the medial subdivision, consistent with evidence for weak primary afferent input (Breza & Travers, ; Ganchrow et al, ; Whitehead, ), dendrites from PGPs at the rostral pole of NST extend laterally into the zone of primary afferent terminations (Kim, Chiego, & Bradley, ). Thus, these rostral PGPs are in a position to be modulated by both taste and visceral signals, consistent with observations that both types of signals can modulate salivation (Gjorstrup, ; Hockman, Hagstrom, & Hoff, ; Kawamura & Yamamoto, ; Matsuo et al, ; Ueda et al, ) and other functions, including gastric motility (Inui‐Yamamoto et al, ; Wicks et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Neurons with diverse phenotypes project from the caudal to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract

Travers

Breza

Harley

et al. 2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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The nucleus of the solitary tract is a potential site for taste-visceral interactions. Connections from the caudal, visceral area of the nucleus (cNST) to the rostral, gustatory zone (rNST) have been described, but the phenotype of cells giving rise to the projection(s) and their distribution among rNST subdivisions are unknown. To determine these characteristics of the intrasolitary pathway, we injected pan-neuronal and floxed AAV viruses into the cNST of mice expressing cre in glutamatergic, GABAergic or catecholaminergic neurons. Particular attention was paid to the terminal field distribution in rNST subdivisions by simultaneously visualizing P2×2 localized to gustatory afferent terminals. All three phenotypically-identified pathways terminated in rNST, with the density greatest for glutamatergic and sparsest for catecholaminergic projections, observations supported by retrograde tracing. Interestingly, cNST neurons had more prominent projections to rNST regions medial and ventral to P2×2 staining, i.e., the medial and ventral subdivisions. In addition, GABAergic neurons projected robustly to the lateral subdivision and adjacent parts of the reticular formation and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Although cNST neurons also projected to the P2×2-rich central subdivision, such projections were sparser. These findings suggest that cNST visceral signals exert stronger excitatory and inhibitory influences on local autonomic and reflex pathways associated with the medial and ventral subdivisions compared to weaker modulation of ascending pathways arising from the central subdivision and ultimately destined for the forebrain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Neurons with diverse phenotypes project from the caudal to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract

Travers

Breza

Harley

et al. 2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…The historical oesophageal obstruction and persistent ptyalism in Case 2 might have been caused by a direct compression of the mass on the oesophagus or due to disruption of vagal motor axons that supply the oesophagus. Association of vagal afferent activation with salivation in rats (Ueda et al 2016) supports this neurological explanation for the ptyalism in this animal. Autonomic dysfunction due to mediastinal lesions has been reported previously.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Vagal afferent activation has been associated with salivary gland stimulation in rats (Ueda et al 2016). Given the historical episode of oesophageal obstruction, a lesion involving the paired vagus nerves located close to the recurrent laryngeal motor axons remained a possibility.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual pathophysiological mechanisms of ptyalism in two horses

Olley

Piercy

Leeming³

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Education

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This report outlines two cases of ptyalism that were not associated with oral conditions or primary dysphagia. The first, a 9-year-old Thoroughbred gelding, was associated with leftsided peripheral vestibular disease and bone modelling around the left tympanic bulla. The second, a 7-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare, was associated with progressive bilateral laryngeal paralysis and a mediastinal T-cell lymphoma. In Case 1, a neurological pathophysiology was proposed involving altered autonomic innervation of the salivary glands; whilst in Case 2, the mechanism remains unclear but may have involved mechanical compression of the intrathoracic oesophagus or stimulation of afferents within the vagus nerve. This case series highlights rare causes of ptyalism that have not been previously reported in the literature. Treatment Case 1 In the absence of computed tomography of the skull or paediatric otoscope examination of the left ear to exclude otitis interna, a six-week course of doxycycline was prescribed (10 mg/kg bwt b.i.d. per os) [Karidox 1 ]. Case 2 Antimicrobial treatment with oxytetracycline (5 mg/kg bwt b.i.d. i.v.) [Engemycin 2 ] and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

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Effects of Intraoperative Vagal Nerve Stimulation on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

2018

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The vagus nerve, the tenth and longest cranial nerve in the body, innervates numerous structures including the larynx, pharynx, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. The vagus nerve is composed of thousands of axons that work to provide a vast majority of the autonomic innervation in the body. 39,70 This nerve plays a large role in interoceptive awareness and is often regarded as the body's 'sixth sense.' 12,61,73 Although the function of the vagus nerve is largely parasympathetic, it also provides somatic innervation, mainly to the muscles responsible for swallowing and upper airway function. 6 The vagus nerve comprises A, B, and C fiber types, all of which are characterized by different conduction velocities and stimulation thresholds. 14,39,55,60 This nerve consists of both afferent (80%) and efferent (20%) fibers that provide sensory and motor information to maintain homeostasis in nearly every organ system in mammals. 12,39,43,54,65,70 Given the vagus nerve's wide-ranging anatomic targets and neuromodulatory effects, targeted manipulation of this nerve has a broad range of potential experimental and therapeutic applications. In fact, vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been used experimentally to establish the contribution of the vagus nerve to numerous behaviors, including immune function, mood, pain, and memory. 70 Furthermore, there is immense interest in using implantable and noninvasive VNS devices to modulate essential functions within the body. 39 VNS has been shown as an effective therapeutic strategy for diverse disorders, and various forms of VNS are currently FDA-approved for treating refractory epilepsy, depression, migraines, cluster headaches, and obesity. 12,30,51,55,60,70-72 In addition, this technology is currently being explored in a multitude of other disorders, including arthritis, asthma, heart failure, gastroparesis, and inflammatory bowel disease, among many others. 30,54,70 Despite the effectiveness of VNS as a treatment strategy, the richness and complexity of the information transmitted along the vagus nerve raises serious challenges that must be considered before widespread use of VNS. 39 Because the vagus nerve innervates multiple organ systems, it is imperative to examine how using VNS to treat a disorder of one organ system might affect healthy function in another. Numerous studies have been conducted on the safety of VNS in regard to cardiovascular and respiratory function. 6,8,10,30 However, although studies have examined the effects of VNS on gastrointestinal function, 45,46,50 no published study has investigated how VNS might influence gastrointestinal microbial populations. 12 This dearth is surprising, given that the vagus nerve is the direct link between the CNS and gastrointestinal tract, serving as a complex bidirectional line of communication

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Vagal afferent activation induces salivation and swallowing-like events in anesthetized rats

Cited by 3 publications

References 36 publications

Neurons with diverse phenotypes project from the caudal to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract

Neurons with diverse phenotypes project from the caudal to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract

Unusual pathophysiological mechanisms of ptyalism in two horses

Effects of Intraoperative Vagal Nerve Stimulation on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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