Vacuum-UV spectroscopy of interstellar ice analogs

Abstract

Context. The vacuum-UV (VUV) absorption cross sections of most molecular solids present in interstellar ice mantles with the exception of H 2 O, NH 3 , and CO 2 have not been reported yet. Models of ice photoprocessing depend on the VUV absorption cross section of the ice to estimate the penetration depth and radiation dose, and in the past, gas phase cross section values were used as an approximation. Aims. We aim to estimate the VUV absorption cross section of molecular ice components. Methods. Pure ices composed of CO, H 2 O, CH 3 OH, NH 3 , or H 2 S were deposited at 8 K. The column density of the ice samples was measured in situ by infrared spectroscopy in transmittance. VUV spectra of the ice samples were collected in the 120−160 nm (10.33−7.74 eV) range using a commercial microwave-discharged hydrogen flow lamp. Results. We provide VUV absorption cross sections of the reported molecular ices. Our results agree with those previously reported for H 2 O and NH 3 ices. Vacuum-UV absorption cross section of CH 3 OH, CO, and H 2 S in solid phase are reported for the first time. H 2 S presents the highest absorption in the 120−160 nm range. Conclusions. Our method allows fast and readily available VUV spectroscopy of ices without the need to use a synchrotron beamline. We found that the ice absorption cross sections can be very different from the gas-phase values, and therefore, our data will significantly improve models that simulate the VUV photoprocessing and photodesorption of ice mantles. Photodesorption rates of pure ices, expressed in molecules per absorbed photon, can be derived from our data.

Chemical Evolution of a Co Ice Induced by Soft X-Rays

“…It is interesting to note that the ultraviolet experiment could not have been performed using Lyα photons because at that wavelength the CO ice does not absorb significantly. Most likely, CO absorption occurred at longer wavelengths in the microwave-discharge hydrogen lamp spectrum, around 8.6eV, where the CO absorption crosssection is a factor of 2 larger than the value reported in Loeffler et al (2005);see Cruz-Diaz et al (2014) for details.…”

“…Vacuum ultraviolet studies show that CO ice is not efficiently dissociated at photon energies below 11 eV, and therefore photodesorption is the main effect (e.g., Muñoz Caro et al 2010). The photoabsorption crosssection of CO has been measured by Cruz-Diaz et al (2014). They found CO to be relatively transparent to Lyα radiation, absorbing preferentially in the 140-160 nm spectral range.…”

The Photochemistry of Pyrimidine in Realistic Astrophysical Ices and the Production of Nucleobases

“…The UV spectrum provided by this lamp consists of a strong Ly-α (121.6 nm) emission and a series of H 2 transition bands in the 155-165 nm range , with an estimated flux of ∼2 × 10 15 photons cm −2 s −1 (Warnek 1962). The light emitted by such a lamp is a good analog to the UV radiation field found in many astrophysical environments including the dense ISM and protostars (d 'Hendecourt et al 1986;Allamandola et al 1988;Bernstein et al 1995;Cruz-Diaz et al 2014). In this work, the photon doses received by the samples were either 0.25 photons molecule −1 (hereafter referred to as the lower UV dose) or 0.70 photons molecule −1 (hereafter referred to as the higher UV dose).…”

UV photoprocessing of CO2ice: a complete quantification of photochemistry and photon-induced desorption processes

“…Photoprocessing of pure CO ice has been widely studied, since it is one of the most abundant species found in ice mantles. The interface between the UV source and the chamber where the ice sample is located is, usually, a MgF 2 window with a cutoff at ∼114 nm (10.87 eV), that is, below the dissociation energy of CO molecules (11.09 eV, Cruz-Díaz et al 2014a;Chen et al 2014). Therefore, in these experiments UV irradiation mainly leads to photodesorption (see, e.g., Öberg et al 2007;Muñoz Caro et al 2010;Fayolle et al 2011;Bertin et al 2012;Chen et al 2014).…”