Vacuum membrane distillation processes for aqueous solution treatment—A review

An ultrasonic assisted direct contact membrane distillation hybrid process for desalination

“…Compared with conventional desalination processes such as nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO) and thermal evaporation, MD can utilize waste heat of low quality, treat wastewater containing higher salt concentration [6][7][8], and even remove some organics that used to be difficult to remove [9][10][11]. According to the adopted condensation methods, the MD systems can be classified into four different categories: direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) [12]. Among these four MD configurations, the DCMD is the most studied and it is also considered to be the simplest in design and application [13].…”

Study on the heat and mass transfer in air-bubbling enhanced vacuum membrane distillation

“…For VMD process, both Knudsen diffusion and Poiseuille flow make contributions to transmembrane mass transfer [38] and the MD flux J can be calculated as:…”

“…Electronic balance with an accuracy of ±0.1 g The two parameters were measured by gas permeation method [38]. b The membrane porosity was measured by a gravimetric method [38]. was used for measuring the weight of the product water.…”

“…Mercurial thermometers with an accuracy of ± 0.1°C were used for measuring the inlet and outlet temperature of feed flow. Electronic balance with an accuracy of ±0.1 g The two parameters were measured by gas permeation method [38]. b The membrane porosity was measured by a gravimetric method [38].…”

Simulation of Vacuum Membrane Distillation Process for Desalination with Aspen Plus

“…The heat transfer resistance in the feed relies on experimental hydrodynamics and thermodynamics and it is changed with the feed flow rate of the corresponding feed temperature. The membrane resistance relies on the membrane parameters like thickness, pore size, porosity and tortuosity, etc [1].…”