Vaccinomics, adversomics, and the immune response network theory: Individualized vaccinology in the 21st century

Abstract

Vaccines, like drugs and medical procedures, are increasingly amenable to individualization or personalization, often based on novel data resulting from high throughput “omics” technologies. As a result of these technologies, 21st century vaccinology will increasingly see the abandonment of a “one size fits all” approach to vaccine dosing and delivery, as well as the abandonment of the empiric “isolate–inactivate–inject” paradigm for vaccine development. In this review, we discuss the immune response network theory and its application to the new field of vaccinomics and adversomics, and illustrate how vaccinomics can lead to new vaccine candidates, new understandings of how vaccines stimulate immune responses, new biomarkers for vaccine response, and facilitate the understanding of what genetic and other factors might be responsible for rare side effects due to vaccines. Perhaps most exciting will be the ability, at a systems biology level, to integrate increasingly complex high throughput data into descriptive and predictive equations for immune responses to vaccines. Herein, we discuss the above with a view toward the future of vaccinology.

Identification of Vaccine-Altered Circulating B Cell Phenotypes Using Mass Cytometry and a Two-Step Clustering Analysis

“…The benefits of larger Ab panels include the discovery of new subsets (31,35), the identification of coexpressed markers (27), and of signatures for differentiation, activation, and homing status of cells. Novel findings that are generated by high-dimensional data are also expected to facilitate the discovery of biomarkers or cell subsets with predictive capacity in terms of vaccine and immunotherapies efficacy, and unravel phenotypic progressions (27,31,38) and new mechanisms of induced immune responses that could guide future pharmaceutical developments (39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44).…”

The composition of immune cells serves as a predictor of adaptive immunity in a cohort of 50‐ to 74‐year‐old adults

“…We and others have described how specific cell subsets each play important roles in the generation of immunity, and recent findings have amply demonstrated that the interactive, synergistic nature of the immune system may be far more important for protective immunity than any single component -a concept referred to as the 'immune response network theory'. [58][59][60] Following from this concept, we believe that vaccinomics approaches integrating high dimensional data sets and predictive modelling will be crucial to understanding, at a systems level, how the immune system functions, as we have previously elucidated. [59][60][61][62] This understanding can then be applied towards the rational and directed development of better vaccines.…”

HCG Found in WHO Tetanus Vaccine in Kenya Raises Concern in the Developing World

“…The copyright to the original figure is held by the World Health Organization but according to their published notice the containing document "may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole." according to the standard CDC doctrine which is contrary to dose-response theory and research in every other area of medicine [85] [86], and one of the main explanations for the pervasiveness of auto-immune disorders associated with vaccines [87] [88] [89] [90] [91]-one-size "fits-all" dose produced by manufacturers for all recipients at least four weeks apart, followed by booster doses at 18 months, 5 years, 10 years and 16 years and then every 10 years" [57] thereafter. The TT schedule for adolescents and adults, and the one for neonates, require the full basic course of 7 doses of vaccine as shown in Table 1 [57] and as spelled out in the top part of Figure 3 where the intervals between doses are indicated on the horizontal time line.…”