Vaccinia virus E5 is a dominant inhibitor of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS

Abstract

The cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS plays an important role in detecting viral nucleic acid, which leads to type I IFN production. We have previously shown that infection with conventional dendritic cells with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a highly attenuated vaccinia strain (VACV), induces IFN production via a cGAS/STING-dependent mechanism. However, MVA or VACV infection triggers cGAS degradation and its mechanism is still unknown. VACV is a cytoplasmic DNA virus, which encodes more than 200 genes. In this study, we screened 70 vaccinia viral early genes for inhibition of cGAS/STING pathway using a dual luciferase system. We found that vaccinia E5 is a dominant inhibitor of cGAS and is the key protein mediating cGAS degradation. MVAΔE5R induces much higher levels of type I IFN than MVA in multiple cell types, including bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and skin primary fibroblasts. MVAΔE5R-mediated type I IFN production is dependent on cGAS. Furthermore, MVAΔE5R gains replication capability in cGAS−/− skin fibroblasts. As a vaccine vector, skin scarification or intradermal vaccination with MVAΔE5R-OVA leads to much higher OVA-specific CD8+ T cell responses than MVA-OVA in vivo. Intratumoral injection of MVAΔE5R leads to stronger anti-tumor immune responses and better survival compared with MVA. Finally, in an intranasal infection model, VACVΔE5R is at least 100-fold attenuated compared with WT VACV. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence that E5 is a key viral virulence factor targeting the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and thereby inhibits type I IFN production.