Vaccines Developed for Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Vaccines have been successfully used for prophylaxis of infectious diseases for a long time and in the last decades have inspired researchers to make products with similar immunological mechanisms for cancer immunotherapy, which has been developed rapidly into clinical applications and has shown remarkable therapeutic efficacy, as exemplified by chimeric Ag receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) and immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies which can efficiently strengthen the body's immune system to fight against cancer, but they are also expensive. Therefore, encouraged by recent success of cancer immunotherapy, scientists are actively developing the low-cost tumor Ag-based vaccines, which, however, usually exhibit weak immunostimulating effects and, therefore, are often formulated with nanoparticulate carriers to form a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS), which can not only enhance the efficacy but also mitigate the off-target toxicity associated with conventional anticancer vaccines. These nanoparticulate carrierbased VADSs have demonstrated multiple functions, such as targetedly triggering Ag-presenting cells, reeducating tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) to function as tumor suppressor agent, and eliciting robust cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to kill tumor cells. This chapter introduces multifunctional VADS that have been engineered with nanoparticulate carriers, including polymeric-, lipid-, metallic-, and cell-based nanoparticles, and used as an alternative to the existent tools for cancer immunotherapy.

Overview Metode Fitoremediasi Dalam Pengelolaan air Tercemar Timbal (Pb)

“…Namun, pada air dengan konsentrasi HM rendah, metode ini tidak efisien atau bermanfaat. Selain itu, sebagian besar tindakan tersebut sangat mahal, tidak selektif, dan bahkan menyebabkan pencemaran sekunder [6,7]. Akibatnya, untuk mengatasi pencemaran HMS, diperlukan proses yang hemat biaya, efektif, selektif, dan ramah lingkungan.…”

“…Ini adalah bagian penting dari kerak bumi dan muncul di lingkungan kita melalui alam (gunung berapi, mata air) dan aktivitas manusia (penggunaan bahan bakar fosil, pertanian dan industri). Industri berbasis logam seperti pertambangan, pengecoran, dan pabrik peleburan merupakan sumber besar HM [7]. Beberapa jenis HM (Zn, Fe, Co, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, dan Se) berfungsi sebagai nutrisi mikro (hanya dibutuhkan dalam jumlah kecil) dan penting untuk fungsi fisiologis dan biokimia normal.…”