Vaccines based on virus-like nano-particles for use against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus

Abstract

Recent advances in virus-like nanoparticles against Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can initiate vaccine production faster for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while ensuring the safety, easy administration, and long-term effects. Patients with this viral pathogen suffer from excess mortality. MERS-CoV can spread through bioaerosol transmission from animal or human sources. The appearance of an outbreak in South Korea sparked off a strong urge to design strategies for developing an effective vaccine since the emergence of MERS-CoV in 2012. Well unfortunately, this is an important fact in virus risk management. The studies showed that virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) could be effective in its goal of stopping the symptoms of MERS-CoV infection. Besides, due to the genetic similarities in the DNA sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and the first identified severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in China since 2002/2003, strategic approaches could be used to manage SARS-CoV 2. Gathering the vital piece of information obtained so far could lead to a breakthrough in the development of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, which is prioritized and focussed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review focuses on the virus-like nanoparticle that got successful results in animal models of MERS-CoV.

Antiviral performance of graphene-based materials with emphasis on COVID-19: A review

“…Likewise, nanotechnology and nanoscience may open new windows in combating various pathogens including COVID‑19, in different ways such as detecting the virus, diagnosis of viral infection and nano-vaccines, such as lipid nanoparticles, for the prevention and/or the therapy of COVID-19 infection [118] , [119] , [120] , [121] , [122] , [123] , [124] , [125] , [126] , [127] , [128] , [129] .…”

COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Current Challenges and Health Concern

“…Two fundamental problems in vaccine design would resolve the efficient distribution of antigen to dendritic cells following dendritic cell activation to cause adaptive immunity ( Reddy et al, 2007 ). The nanoparticles able to carry various antigens promote the activity of antigen-presenting cells, enhancing the immunogenicity and potency of administered vaccines through recognition by T cell receptors ( Hashemzadeh et al, 2020 ). However, more research toward the use of nanoparticles in the development of promising CoVs vaccines is required ( Abd Ellah et al, 2020 ).…”

Advances in mRNA and other vaccines against MERS-CoV

“…Currently reported MERS-CoV vaccines include those based on DNAs, proteins, nanoparticles or viruslike particles (VLPs), viral vectors, and live-attenuated viruses. 2,38,[53][54][55][56] The majority of these vaccines are designed using the viral S protein, including its fragments, thereby protecting animals (e.g., mice, rabbits, camels, or nonhuman primates [NHPs]) against MERS-CoV infection (Table 1). [57][58][59][60][61] MERS-CoV vaccines have been previously summarized in various review articles.…”