Vaccine for Diabetes—Where Do We Stand?

Abstract

Diabetes is an endocrinological disorder with a rapidly increasing number of patients globally. Over the last few years, the alarming status of diabetes has become a pivotal factor pertaining to morbidity and mortality among the youth as well as middle-aged people. Current developments in our understanding related to autoimmune responses leading to diabetes have developed a cause for concern in the prospective usage of immunomodulatory agents to prevent diabetes. The mechanism of action of vaccines varies greatly, such as removing autoreactive T cells and inhibiting the interactions between immune cells. Currently, most developed diabetes vaccines have been tested in animal models, while only a few human trials have been completed with positive outcomes. In this review, we investigate the undergoing clinical trial studies for the development of a prototype diabetes vaccine.

Physical and Mental Health Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Turkey

“…Additional findings from our study also underlined that the ferritin level of subjects affected by COVID-19 with T2DM was significantly higher than that of the control subjects, as described in previous studies [34][35][36]. Of note, higher ferritin levels were also associated with higher levels of HbA1c, supporting the suggestion that ferritin may be a marker of elevated HbA1c in T2DM [35][36][37]. Finally, vitamin D was identified as a useful parameter of reduction in glycated hemoglobin and COVID-19 infection among T2DM patients.…”