Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-confirmed Influenza in Healthy Young Children

Kelly, Heath; Jacoby, Peter; Dixon, Gabriela A.; Carcione, Dale; Williams, Simon H.; Moore, Hannah C; Smith, David W.; Keil, Anthony D.; Buynder, Paul Van; Richmond, Peter

doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318201811c

Cited by 74 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These results are consistent with the assumption that influenza vaccination has little impact on infection with other respiratory viruses. This finding is contrary to the trend observed in our previous study, 14 and results from a small trial published by Cowling et al 32,33 The similarity of the VE calculations for the 2 control groups may reflect the setting in which samples were collected, specifically experienced staff within a pediatric emergency department testing a carefully recruited patient population, so that deficiencies in sample collection were uncommon. Samples from young children are known to contain high levels of virus compared with older children and adults, and therefore sample collection methods may have been less critical.…”

Section: Vaccine Effectivenesscontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…VE estimates from the year 2008 have been presented previously. 13,14 Influenza-positive cases were compared against 2 different control groups: test-negative and othervirus-detected (OVD) controls. The second analysis was undertaken on the assumption that if any respiratory virus was detected, influenza virus would also have been identified if present (ie, excluding false-negative controls).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Trivalent Flu Vaccine in Healthy Young Children

et al. 2014

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BACKGROUND: There are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccination (TIV) in young children, particularly in children <2 years. The Western Australian Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Study commenced in 2008 to evaluate a program providing TIV to children aged 6 to 59 months. METHODS: An observational study enrolling children with influenza-like illness presenting to a tertiary pediatric hospital was conducted (2008–2012). Vaccination status was determined by parental questionnaire and confirmed via the national immunization register and/or vaccine providers. Respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction and culture were performed on nasopharyngeal samples. The test-negative design was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) by using 2 control groups: all influenza test-negative subjects and other-virus-detected (OVD) subjects. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated from models with season, month of disease onset, age, gender, indigenous status, prematurity, and comorbidities as covariates. Subjects enrolled in 2009 were excluded from VE calculations. RESULTS: Of 2001 children enrolled, influenza was identified in 389 (20.4%) children. Another respiratory virus was identified in 1134 (59.6%) children. Overall, 295 of 1903 (15.5%) children were fully vaccinated and 161 of 1903 (8.4%) children were partially vaccinated. Vaccine uptake was significantly lower in 2010–2012 after increased febrile adverse events observed in 2010. Using test-negative controls, VE was 64.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.7%–81.2%). No difference in VE was observed with OVD controls (65.8%; 95% CI: 32.1%–82.8%). The VE for children <2 years was 85.8% (95% CI: 37.9%–96.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the effectiveness of TIV in young children over 4 seasons by using test-negative and OVD controls. TIV was effective in children aged <2 years. Despite demonstrated vaccine effectiveness, uptake of TIV remains suboptimal.

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Section: Vaccine Effectivenesscontrasting

confidence: 57%

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confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Trivalent Flu Vaccine in Healthy Young Children

et al. 2014

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“…This focus has led to a number of recommendations for universal annual vaccination in healthy children 13, 14. Following a cluster of three paediatric deaths in Western Australia (WA) during 2007, a State Government influenza vaccination programme was established for children aged ≥6 months to <5 years from 2008, with free vaccine provided by the WA Government in conjunction with CSL Biotherapies and Sanofi Pasteur 15. Seasonal influenza vaccine has been recommended for Australians ≥6 months of age with medical conditions predisposing to severe influenza for many years, and this became publicly funded nationally for this cohort in 2010 16…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and tolerability of a 2009 trivalent inactivated split‐virion influenza vaccine in infants, children and adolescents

Lambert

Chuk

Nissen

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety of CSL's split‐virion inactivated trivalent 2009 Southern Hemisphere formulation influenza vaccine (TIV) in children.MethodsWe enrolled 1992 healthy children into three groups: Cohorts A, ≥6 months to <3 years; B, ≥3 years to <9 years; and C, ≥9 years to <18 years. Children received one or two doses of 0·25 ml (22·5 μg haemagglutinin) or 0·5 ml (45 μg) TIV, depending on age and prior vaccination history. We collected post‐vaccination solicited adverse event (AE) data (days 0–6), including fever (temperature: ≥37·5°C axilla, ≥38·0°C oral), unsolicited AEs (days 0–29) and serious AEs (SAEs) and new‐onset chronic illnesses (NOCIs; to day 180 after last vaccination).ResultsAt least one solicited AE was reported by 80%/78%/78% of children in Cohorts A, B and C, respectively. Systemic AEs were more common among Cohort A (72% of participants), and local AEs were more common among Cohort C (71% of participants). Fever was more common in younger cohorts, in influenza vaccine‐naïve children (29% of Cohort A receiving their first dose), and following first compared with second doses. Severe fever following a first dose prevented 20 participants receiving their second scheduled vaccine dose. A 7‐month‐old participant had a single uncomplicated febrile convulsion on the day of vaccination.ConclusionsNearly 80% of subjects reported at least one solicited AE following immunization. Fever prevalence was highest in vaccine‐naïve Cohort A participants, similar to other paediatric studies using CSL vaccine. Further research to understand fever‐related AEs in children following CSL's TIV is recommended.

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“…[153,156,157] Several observational studies of TIV VE among children less than 5 years of age have found a VE of 60-85% in seasons where vaccine strains are well-matched to circulating strains, but a VE of 0-60% when vaccines are poorly matched to circulating strains. [158][159][160][161][162][163][164] In addition to the direct protection of children conferred by influenza immunization, limited data indicate that protection of unvaccinated household [165,166] and community contacts [154] may be conferred by immunization of children.…”

Section: Inactivated Influenza Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

2012/13 influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalised influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B: estimates from a European network of hospitals

Rondy¹,

Launay

Puig-Barberà

et al. 2015

Eurosurveillance

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Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-confirmed Influenza in Healthy Young Children

Abstract: VE estimates were higher when controls included only those children with another respiratory virus detected. Testing for other common respiratory viruses enables the control group to be restricted to those for whom an adequate sample is likely.

Cited by 74 publications

References 8 publications

Effectiveness of Trivalent Flu Vaccine in Healthy Young Children

Effectiveness of Trivalent Flu Vaccine in Healthy Young Children

Safety and tolerability of a 2009 trivalent inactivated split‐virion influenza vaccine in infants, children and adolescents

2012/13 influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalised influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B: estimates from a European network of hospitals

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