Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases

Excler, Jean Louis; Saville, Mélanie; Berkley, Seth; Kim, Jerome H.

doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01301-0

Cited by 283 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…1 2 Vaccination is also a key element for controlling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. 3 However, a growing body of literature highlights that vaccination coverage for an array of vaccine-preventable illnesses, is stagnating or declining globally. 4 Furthermore, studies that examine routine vaccination for adults (influenza vaccine) and vaccines administered later…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nudging toward vaccination: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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BackgroundVaccine hesitancy (VH) and the global decline of vaccine coverage are a major global health threat, and novel approaches for increasing vaccine confidence and uptake are urgently needed. ‘Nudging’, defined as altering the environmental context in which a decision is made or a certain behaviour is enacted, has shown promising results in several health promotion strategies. We present a comprehensive synthesis of evidence regarding the value and impact of nudges to address VH.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to determine if nudging can mitigate VH and improve vaccine uptake. Our search strategy used Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and non-MeSH terms to identify articles related to nudging and vaccination in nine research databases. 15 177 titles were extracted and assessed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The final list of included articles was evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework.FindingsIdentified interventions are presented according to a framework for behaviour change, MINDSPACE. Articles (n=48) from 10 primarily high-income countries were included in the review. Nudging-based interventions identified include using reminders and recall, changing the way information is framed and delivered to an intended audience, changing the messenger delivering information, invoking social norms and emotional affect (eg, through storytelling, dramatic narratives and graphical presentations), and offering incentives or changing defaults. The most promising evidence exists for nudges that offer incentives to parents and healthcare workers, that make information more salient or that use trusted messengers to deliver information. The effectiveness of nudging interventions and the direction of the effect varies substantially by context. Evidence for some approaches is mixed, highlighting a need for further research, including how successful interventions can be adapted across settings.ConclusionNudging-based interventions show potential to increase vaccine confidence and uptake, but further evidence is needed for the development of clear recommendations. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic increases the urgency of undertaking nudging-focused research.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020185817.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nudging toward vaccination: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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“…Since late 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread across the world causing a global pandemic 1,2 . This prompted the rapid development of several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines including two that use an mRNA-based platform (reviewed in 3-5 ). The mRNA vaccines, Pfizer BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273, employ lipid nanoparticles that encase modified mRNA encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit higher levels of original antigenic sin antibodies compared to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations

Anderson

Eiloa

Goodwin

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines elicit higher levels of antibodies compared to natural SARS-CoV-2 infections in most individuals; however, the specificities of antibodies elicited by vaccination versus infection remain incompletely understood. Here, we characterized the magnitude and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 spike-reactive antibodies from 10 acutely infected health care workers and 23 participants who received mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We found that infection and primary mRNA vaccination elicited S1 and S2-reactive antibodies, while secondary vaccination boosted mostly S1 antibodies. Using magnetic bead-based absorption assays, we found that SARS-CoV-2 infections elicited a large proportion of original antigenic sin-like antibodies that bound efficiently to common seasonal human coronaviruses but poorly to SARS-CoV-2. In converse, vaccination only modestly boosted antibodies reactive to common seasonal human coronaviruses and these antibodies bound efficiently to SARS-CoV-2. Our data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations elicit fundamentally different antibody responses compared to SARS-CoV-2 infections.

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“…The regions that are most seriously affected by outbreaks are the Americas, South/Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Asia represents approximately 70% of the global burden of disease [136] (https://www.cdc.gov/dengue, accessed on 1 July 2021). DENV infections are categorized into three groups: undifferentiated fever, dengue fever (DF), and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) [137].…”

Section: Hepatitis Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Both Full-Length and Protease-Cleaved Products of Osteopontin Are Elevated in Infectious Diseases

et al. 2021

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Circulating full-length osteopontin (FL-OPN) is elevated in plasma from patients with various infectious diseases, such as adult T-cell leukemia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis virus infection, leptospirosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS/TB, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proteolysis of OPN by thrombin, matrix metalloproteases, caspase 8/3, cathepsin D, plasmin, and enterokinase generates various cleaved OPNs with a variety of bioactivities by binding to different target cells. Moreover, OPN is susceptible to gradual proteolysis. During inflammation, one of the cleaved fragments, N-terminal thrombin-cleaved OPN (trOPN or OPN-Arg168 [OPN-R]), induces dendritic cell (DC) adhesion. Further cleavage by carboxypeptidase B2 or carboxypeptidase N removes Arg168 from OPN-R to OPN-Leu167 (OPN-L). Consequently, OPN-L decreases DC adhesion. In particular, the differences in plasma level over time are observed between FL-OPN and its cleaved OPNs during inflammation. We found that the undefined OPN levels (mixture of FL-OPN and cleaved OPN) were elevated in plasma and reflected the pathology of TB and COVID-19 rather than FL-OPN. These infections are associated with elevated levels of various proteases. Inhibition of the cleavage or the activities of cleaved products may improve the outcome of the therapy. Research on the metabolism of OPN is expected to create new therapies against infectious diseases.

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Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases

Cited by 283 publications

References 63 publications

Nudging toward vaccination: a systematic review

Nudging toward vaccination: a systematic review

SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit higher levels of original antigenic sin antibodies compared to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations

Both Full-Length and Protease-Cleaved Products of Osteopontin Are Elevated in Infectious Diseases

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