Vaccination of Tilapia against Motile Aeromonas Septicemia: A Review

Abstract

The production of tilapia Oreochromis spp. is rapidly growing throughout the world, but atypical motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) is a current threat to the tilapia farming industry. The etiological agent of this disease is usually Aeromonas hydrophila. Mortality rates due to MAS are frequently high, resulting in a devastating negative impact on this industry worldwide; therefore, proper control measures regarding both prevention and treatment are necessary. Although vaccines against MAS for tilapia are available, their effectiveness is entirely dependent on the specific strain of problematic bacteria. Until now, whole‐cell inactivated A. hydrophila vaccines for tilapia have exhibited the highest level of protection over live attenuated and recombinant vaccines. Among the various vaccine administration systems, only intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the A. hydrophila vaccine into tilapia were found to provide prominent immune protection. Vaccine efficacy was primarily measured by using the i.p. injection challenge model and estimating the relative percent survival of the immunized tilapia. Freund's incomplete adjuvant showed to be the most effective for tilapia MAS vaccines. In this review, multiple factors that directly or indirectly influence the efficacy of MAS vaccines for tilapia (adjuvants, challenge models, immunization doses and duration, and size of vaccinated fish) are discussed.

Comparative Pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. in Cultured Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus)

“…However, disease outbreak is one of the main problems which resulted in economic, environmental and social impacts on aquaculture. Fish farms are vulnerable to losses due to outbreaks of bacterial infections such as motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) [6]. This disease is caused by members of the genus Aeromonas, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, A. dhakensis, A. jandaei, A. sobria and A. caviae [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Co-Infections of Tilapia Lake Virus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae in Farmed Red Hybrid Tilapia

“…Aeromoniasis and streptococcosis are common bacterial diseases affecting tilapia culture, specifically involving Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae [11][12][13][14]. Apart from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)…”

“…and golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii), respectively [15,16]. Infections caused by both bacterial pathogens also lead to massive fish mortalities and economic losses around the world [13,14].…”

Tilapia Farming in Bangladesh: Adaptation to Climate Change

“…In addition, different feed supplements such as probiotics [158], Aloe vera [159], assam tea extract [160], Sophora flavescens [161], corncob [162], vitamin C [163], orange peels [164], green tea [165], ginger [166], and Indian lotus leaf powder [167] can increase the disease resistance of tilapia. On the other hand, novel effective vaccines can also play an important role in disease prevention and control: vaccines have been developed against most common pathogens of tilapia-Streptococcosis [168,169], motile aeromonad septicemia [170], tilapia lake virus [171], and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus [172]. Using a treatment and diagnosis system to alert farmers to the occurrence of bacterial infection in tilapia can be a very useful tool that can reduce economic losses and labor costs in aquaculture [173].…”