Vaccination in the Control of Bovine Botulism in Queensland

Tammemägi, L.; Km, Grant

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1967.tb04884.x

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, lower anti-BoNT/D IgG levels in younger animals might be explained by repeated natural exposure to subclinical toxin levels of older animals, as previously demonstrated in Australia (13). The results of our study differ from those of previously reported vaccination studies of cattle (15,34), which demonstrated better protection after fewer inoculations; this difference might be explained by exposure to higher levels of toxin or botulinum strain differences. Additional inoculations, as currently suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the pentavalent (ABCDE) botulinum toxoid, aluminum phosphate absorbed (PBT), used to vaccinate at-risk human populations, might result in desired levels of antibodies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Levels of Serum Immunoglobulin G against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D and Association with Protection in Natural Outbreaks of Cattle Botulism

Steinman

Chaffer

Elad

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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The recent outbreaks of cattle botulism in vaccinated Israeli dairy cattle prompted us to determine vaccine efficacy and reasons for vaccine failure. Analysis of clinical signs, feeding practice, vaccination history, and epidemic curves enabled us to define a study population in two outbreaks, where high doses of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type D (BoNT/D) were evenly consumed by the affected animal groups. Attack rates among unvaccinated 6-to 24-month-old heifers were 96% (55/57) and 85% (53/62). The attack rates in vaccinated parity 1, 2, and >3 cows were 40.4% (21/52), 14.3% (4/28), and 5.6% (3/54), respectively. Vaccine efficacies for these cow groups were 52.5%, 83.2%, and 93.4%, respectively. In younger, unvaccinated 2-to 6-month-old calves, presumably protected by maternal antibodies, the attack rate was 24% (17/71). These differences correlated with significant differences in levels of specific anti-BoNT/D antibody in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA performance for predicting protection was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic analysis and was found to be highly significant, with an area under the curve of 0.941 (standard error, 0.034; 95% confidence interval, 0.875 to 1.008; P < 0.000). No animals with serum ELISA unit levels above 0.33 were affected in these exposed groups. At this cutoff level, the specificity of the ELISA was 100%, sensitivity was 67%, and accuracy was 92%. We concluded that botulinum toxoids can confer adequate protection against natural exposure to lethal doses of BoNT/D; however, the vaccination protocols should be optimized. Our in-house ELISA system will enable us to optimize vaccination protocols in the animal population.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Levels of Serum Immunoglobulin G against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D and Association with Protection in Natural Outbreaks of Cattle Botulism

Steinman

Chaffer

Elad

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…The results from the 3 West Australian herds that had experienced clinical outbreaks of botulism also showed that it is possible for cattle to be naturally exposed to sub-clinical as well as sub-lethal doses of botulinum toxins with sufficient immunogenicity to produce a specific antibody response to the toxin detectable by ELISA and, at least in 4 of 11 ELISA-positive cattle, by TNT. The amount of type C or D botulinum toxin required to kill a cow has been calculated to be about 10 pg based on toxicity in mouse-lethal doses and the quantity of toxin required to kill a mouse (Tammemagi and Grant 1967;Gill 1982). If carrion contained quantities of active toxin of this order, then cattle ingesting a sufficient amount of carrion could be expected to develop botulism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of enzyme‐linked immunoassays for antibody to types C and D botulinum toxins for investigations of botulism in cattle

Gregory

Ellis

Jubb³

et al. 1996

Aust Veterinary J

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The development of specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for antibody to types C and D Clostridium botulinum toxins for investigation of botulism in cattle is described. Partially purified type C and D toxins were used as antigens to develop these ELISAs. Specificity of the ELISAs was evaluated on sera from 333 adult beef and dairy cattle from areas with no history or evidence of botulism in animals or water birds. The test was also evaluated on sera from 41 herds that included herds vaccinated against botulism, confirmed botulism cases and herds from areas where the disease is considered endemic. The ELISAs detected the presence of antibody to botulinum toxins in samples from vaccinated cattle and both convalescent and clinically normal animals from unvaccinated herds with outbreaks of botulism. Antibody was also found in unvaccinated animals from herds in which there had been no diagnosed botulism cases in areas where botulism was considered endemic. Sera from some unvaccinated cattle with high ELISA reactivity was shown to be protective for mice in botulinum toxin neutralisation tests. The use of these tests in investigations of botulism in cattle is discussed.

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“…Os pools dos soros dos coelhos e dos bovinos foram submetidos a uma triagem, pela técnica de soroproteção em camundongos, frente a 2,5DL 50 de toxina alfa (Tammemagy, Grant, 1967 Unidos, 2002). A dosagem de proteína foi realizada pelo método de biureto, comparado a curva padrão de soroalbumina bovina pela leitura em densidade ótica a 690nm de absorbância em espectrofotômetro.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

“…Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de 13 vacinas polivalentes que continham em sua composição Clostridium novyi tipo B, disponíveis para comercialização no mercado brasileiro. (Tammemagy, Grant, 1967), foram vacinados com a dose recomendada para a espécie, com reforço aos 42 dias e sangrados nos dias 42 e 56. Em cada sangria, os soros dos seis bovinos foram misturados em partes iguais, constituindo-se um "pool" para cada grupo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Avaliação de vacinas contra Clostridium novyi tipo B

Nascimento¹,

Lobato

Abreu

et al. 2004

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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RESUMOAvaliou-se a eficiência de 13 vacinas comerciais contra clostridioses que continham em sua composição Clostridium novyi tipo B, pela titulação de antitoxina alfa em soro de coelhos e de bovinos vacinados e pelo teste de desafio direto em cobaias. As vacinas codificadas como T1 e T10 apresentaram, em coelhos, títulos de antitoxina alfa de 8 e 12UI/ml respectivamente, superiores ao nível mínimo de teste de 3,5UI/ml, recomendado para controle desse produto, e as vacinas T2 e T5, títulos de 2 e 3UI/ml, respectivamente. As vacinas T1, T2, T5 e T10 apresentaram níveis de antitoxina alfa detectáveis em bovinos, mas somente T1 e T10 induziram títulos compatíveis com o nível de teste. Pelo método de desafio direto em cobaias, as vacinas T1, T2, T5, T10 e T11 atenderam aos requisitos, protegendo todos os animais desafiados. Em sua maioria, as vacinas comercializadas no Brasil contra Clostridium novyi tipo B foram ineficientes em estimular títulos sorológicos compatíveis com os níveis de teste recomendado para controle desse produto. Palavras-chave: vacina, toxina, Clostridium novyi tipo B, hepatite necrótica infecciosa, clostridiose ABSTRACTThe antibody response to the Clostridium novyi type B alfa toxin component of 13 commercial vaccines (T1 to T13) and a standard toxoid was evaluated by the serum neutralization test with rabbit and cattle sera and by direct challenge of vaccinated guinea pig. T1 and T10 induced titles of C. novyi type B alfa antitoxin in rabbits, superior to the recommended minimum title of 3.5 IU/ml, namely of 8 and 12 IU/ml, respectively. T2 and T5 induced titles of 2 and 3 IU/ml, respectively. These, plus T1 and T10, were

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Vaccination in the Control of Bovine Botulism in Queensland

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Quantitative Analysis of Levels of Serum Immunoglobulin G against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D and Association with Protection in Natural Outbreaks of Cattle Botulism

Quantitative Analysis of Levels of Serum Immunoglobulin G against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D and Association with Protection in Natural Outbreaks of Cattle Botulism

Use of enzyme‐linked immunoassays for antibody to types C and D botulinum toxins for investigations of botulism in cattle

Avaliação de vacinas contra Clostridium novyi tipo B

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