Vaccination herd effect experience in Latin America: a systematic literature review

DeAntonio, Rodrigo; Amador, Sylvia; Bunge, Eveline M.; Eeuwijk, Jennifer; Prado-Cohrs, David; Guevara, Javier Nieto; Rubio, Maria Del Pilar; Ortega-Barrı́a, Eduardo

doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1514225

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…* [ 45 ] ; ^ [ 46 ] ; > [ 47 ] ; # estimated from accumulated yearly vaccinations. National Data Sources: Most data from World Health Organization (WHO), immunization, vaccines, and biologicals, https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/en/; additional data for individual countries, especially for pneumococcal vaccination rates among adults and for influenza vaccination rates: Austria [ 48 ] ; Australia [ 49–51 ] ; Canada [ 52,53 ] ; France [ 54 ] ; Germany [ 55,56 ] ; Greece [ 57 ] ; Hong Kong [ 49,58 ] ; Ireland [ 59 ] ; Israel [ 60 ] ; Italy [ 19,61–63 ] ; Japan [ 64–68 ] ; Mexico [ 69 ] ; The Netherlands [ 70 ] ; Portugal [ 71 ] ; South Korea [ 72–76 ] ; Spain [ 19,42,43 ] ; Switzerland [ 77 ] ; United Kingdom [ 78 ] ; United States [ 79–84 ] ; Brazil [ 85–87 ] ; Chile [ 86,88 ] ; Peru [ 86,88–90 ] .…”

Section: Evidence For the Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 42,43 ] Belgium similarly saw a reemergence of pneumonia deaths involving previously herd‐immunized strains of S. pneumoniae after switching from PCV13 to PCV7. [ 44 ] Most South American nations have also relied upon PCV7 or PCV10, [ 85–90 ] joining Italy, Spain, and Belgium in lacking the protection against COVID‐19 infection hypothesized here. All have seen unusually high COVID‐19 cases and deaths.…”

Section: Evidence For the Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age and Location in Severity of COVID‐19 Pathology: Do Lactoferrin and Pneumococcal Vaccination Explain Low Infant Mortality and Regional Differences?

Root‐Bernstein

2020

BioEssays

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Two conundrums puzzle COVID-19 investigators: 1) morbidity and mortality is rare among infants and young children and 2) rates of morbidity and mortality exhibit large variances across nations, locales, and even within cities. It is found that the higher the rate of pneumococcal vaccination in a nation (or city) the lower the COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Vaccination rates with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, poliovirus, and other vaccines do not correlate with COVID-19 risks, nor do COVID-19 case or death rates correlate with number of people in the population with diabetes, obesity, or adults over 65. Infant protection may be due to maternal antibodies and antiviral proteins in milk such as lactoferrin that are known to protect against coronavirus infections. Subsequent protection might then be conferred (and correlate with) rates of Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) (universal in infants) and pneumococcal vaccination, the latter varying widely by geography among infants, at-risk adults, and the elderly. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/GODBYRbPL00.

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Section: Evidence For the Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence For the Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Location in Severity of COVID‐19 Pathology: Do Lactoferrin and Pneumococcal Vaccination Explain Low Infant Mortality and Regional Differences?

Root‐Bernstein

2020

BioEssays

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“…Hib mass vaccination also led to a considerable decrease in carriage rates in vaccinated versus unvaccinated children [32,34,82,83] and delayed initial acquisition of Hib following exposure. Consequently, Hib incidence decreased in unvaccinated populations, indicative of a herd protection effect which is now well-established in different geographical regions and socio-economic settings [1,81,84].…”

Section: Nasopharyngeal Carriage Control -A Stepping Stone Toward Hibmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in the era of conjugate vaccines: critical factors for successful eradication

Slack

Esposito

Haas

et al. 2020

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Introduction: Prior to implementation of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)-conjugate vaccination programs in the 1990s, Hib was the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in children aged <5 years. While the burden of all Hib disease has significantly decreased in the post-vaccination era, Hib still accounted for >29,000 deaths worldwide in children aged <5 years in 2015. Areas covered: We reviewed literature data on the most widely used Hib vaccines and vaccination strategies which led to the global prevention and control of Hib disease and aim to highlight important factors for continued disease control and elimination in the future. Expert commentary: More than 90% of countries worldwide have implemented Hib-conjugate vaccination in their national immunization programs. Vaccines containing Hib polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) conjugated with tetanus toxoid (Hib-TT) are the most commonly used. Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein complex of PRP (Hib-OMP) is also used. Although the kinetics of the immune response varies with Hib vaccine and schedule used, high control of Hib disease was observed in all settings/scenarios. Further improving global Hib vaccination coverage may result in disease elimination.

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“…Looking at the number of included reviews per intervention level, two reviews included interventions at the structural level [ 49 , 85 ], twenty-five covered interventions at the public policy level [ 49 , 55 , 58 , 62 , 64 , 68 , 69 , 72 , 78 , 81 , 83 , 85 – 88 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 97 , 98 , 101 , 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 ], twenty-four at the community level [ 50 , 59 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 69 , 72 – 74 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 89 , 92 , 95 – 97 , 99 , 100 , 106 , 109 ] and twenty-five at the individual level [ 48 , 55 – 57 , 60 , 61 , 63 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We found forty-eight reviews that looked at interventions aiming to prevent infectious diseases in children ( Table 5 ). Seventeen covered interventions at the structural and policy intervention levels [ 49 , 55 , 58 , 68 , 81 , 86 – 88 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 98 , 101 , 102 , 104 , 108 , 110 ], three included multilevel interventions [ 62 , 69 , 97 ] and thirty-one looked at interventions at the community, households and individual levels [ 50 , 54 – 57 , 59 , 64 , 65 , 69 , 71 – 77 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 94 – 97 , 99 , 106 , 109 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which public health interventions are effective in reducing morbidity, mortality and health inequalities from infectious diseases amongst children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): An umbrella review

et al. 2021

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Despite significant progress in the last few decades, infectious diseases remain a major threat to child health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)—particularly amongst more disadvantaged groups. It is imperative to understand the best available evidence concerning which public health interventions reduce morbidity, mortality and health inequalities in children aged under five years. To address this gap, we carried out an umbrella review (a systematic reviews of reviews) to identify evidence on the effects of public health interventions (promotion, protection, prevention) on morbidity, mortality and/or health inequalities due to infectious diseases amongst children in LMICs. Ten databases were searched for records published between 2014–2021 alongside a manual search of gray literature. Articles were quality-assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool (AMSTAR 2). A narrative synthesis was conducted. We identified 60 systematic reviews synthesizing 453 individual primary studies. A majority of the reviews reported on preventive interventions (n = 48), with a minority on promotion (n = 17) and almost no reviews covering health protection interventions (n = 2). Effective interventions for improving child health across the whole population, as well as the most disadvantaged included communication, education and social mobilization for specific preventive services or tools, such as immunization or bed nets. For all other interventions, the effects were either unclear, unknown or detrimental, either at the overall population level or regarding health inequalities. We found few reviews reporting health inequalities information and the quality of the evidence base was generally low. Our umbrella review identified some prevention interventions that might be useful in reducing under five mortality from infectious diseases in LMICs, particularly amongst the most disadvantaged groups.

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Vaccination herd effect experience in Latin America: a systematic literature review

Cited by 11 publications

References 53 publications

Age and Location in Severity of COVID‐19 Pathology: Do Lactoferrin and Pneumococcal Vaccination Explain Low Infant Mortality and Regional Differences?

Age and Location in Severity of COVID‐19 Pathology: Do Lactoferrin and Pneumococcal Vaccination Explain Low Infant Mortality and Regional Differences?

Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in the era of conjugate vaccines: critical factors for successful eradication

Which public health interventions are effective in reducing morbidity, mortality and health inequalities from infectious diseases amongst children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): An umbrella review

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