Vaccination and Biological Warfare

Croddy, Eric; Pérez‐Armendáriz, Clarisa; Hart, John

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0025-0_10

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This focused on the use of previously reported, commercially available unsaturated NHCs (denoted IR, and derived from the imidazolium chloride salts IPr 39 are readily obtained from reactions with the corresponding metal oxide. Due to the potential for oxidation destruction pathways the use of the highly oxidising but remarkably air-stable vanadyl NHC complexes VOCl 3…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the first deployment of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) during the First World War, research into efficient decontamination routes has become necessary for immediate applications, and also for the destruction of CWA stockpiles as set out in the 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention Treaty (demiliterisation). [1][2][3][4][5] Whilst a variety of fast and effective decontamination routes have been identified, these generally contain a mixture of flammable solvents and corrosive reagents and can be impractical for transportation or decontamination of expensive equipment. For example, DS2 is a combination of nucleophilic diethylenetriamine/ethylene glycol/ monomethyl ether/sodium hydroxide mixtures and whilst it is a broadband decontaminant it is highly corrosive towards many materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants by air and moisture stable metal NHC complexes

2018

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The cooperative effect of both NHC and metal centre has been found to destroy chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants. Choice of both the metal and NHC is key to these transformations as simple, monodentate N-heterocyclic carbenes in combination with silver or vanadium can promote stoichiometric destruction, whilst bidentate, aryloxide-tethered NHC complexes of silver and alkali metals promote breakdown under mild heating. Iron-NHC complexes generated in situ are competent catalysts for the destruction of each of the three targetted CWA simulants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants by air and moisture stable metal NHC complexes

2018

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“… 5 , 21 Additionally, VEEV poses a risk as an aerosolized bioweapon. 22 , 23 Despite its potential to cause severe disease and death, there are no approved human vaccines or antiviral drugs against VEEV. 24 A live-attenuated vaccine against VEEV (serially passaged strain TC-83 and boosters of C-84, an inactivated form of TC-83) is available as an investigational drug product in the United States through the Army Special Immunizations Program but only for at-risk laboratory workers and military personnel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entry receptor LDLRAD3 is required for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus peripheral infection and neurotropism leading to pathogenesis in mice

Kafai,

Janova,

Cain

et al. 2023

Cell Reports

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“…During World War I, the nature of human conflict was changed forever by the large scale deployment of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) . As a consequence, the ability to efficiently decontaminate these highly toxic materials, with minimal environmental impact, has since become a global necessity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locus-Specific Microemulsion Catalysts for Sulfur Mustard (HD) Chemical Warfare Agent Decontamination

et al. 2009

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The rates of catalytic oxidative decontamination of the chemical warfare agent (CWA) sulfur mustard (HD, bis(2-chlororethyl) sulfide) and a range (chloroethyl) sulfide simulants of variable lipophilicity have been examined using a hydrogen peroxide-based microemulsion system. SANS (small-angle neutron scattering), SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering), PGSE-NMR (pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR), fluorescence quenching, and electrospray mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) were implemented to examine the distribution of HD, its simulants, and their oxidation/hydrolysis products in a model oil-in-water microemulsion. These measurements not only present a means of interpreting decontamination rates but also a rationale for the design of oxidation catalysts for these toxic materials. Here we show that by localizing manganese-Schiff base catalysts at the oil droplet-water interface or within the droplet core, a range of (chloroethyl) sulfides, including HD, spanning some 7 orders of octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)), may be oxidized with equal efficacy using dilute (5 wt. % of aqueous phase) hydrogen peroxide as a noncorrosive, environmentally benign oxidant (e.g., t(1/2) (HD) approximately 18 s, (2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide, C(6)H(5)SCH(2)CH(2)Cl) approximately 15 s, (thiodiglycol, S(CH(2)CH(2)OH)(2)) approximately 19 s {20 degrees C}). Our observations demonstrate that by programming catalyst lipophilicity to colocalize catalyst and substrate, the inherent compartmentalization of the microemulsion can be exploited to achieve enhanced rates of reaction or to exert control over product selectivity. A combination of SANS, ESI-MS and fluorescence quenching measurements indicate that the enhanced catalytic activity is due to the locus of the catalyst and not a result of partial hydrolysis of the substrate.

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Vaccination and Biological Warfare

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants by air and moisture stable metal NHC complexes

Destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants by air and moisture stable metal NHC complexes

Entry receptor LDLRAD3 is required for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus peripheral infection and neurotropism leading to pathogenesis in mice

Locus-Specific Microemulsion Catalysts for Sulfur Mustard (HD) Chemical Warfare Agent Decontamination

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