Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease I: Epidemiological consequences

Controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks: An epidemiological and economic model analysis

“…For livestock diseases with less discrepancy between immune response and transmission time scales, emergency vaccination can be a viable control strategy, as shown in previous model analyses for classical swine fever (Backer et al, 2009) and foot-and-mouth disease (Backer et al, 2012).…”

“…The same approach has been previously applied to evaluate control strategies for classical swine fever (Backer et al, 2009) and foot-and-mouth disease (Backer et al, 2012).…”

Control of the Deliberate Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

“…Carriers of FMDV can occur, but their low virus excretion over a prolonged infectious period does not contribute to an inherd outbreak. 9 Sheep and goats have a longer infectious period, 10 a lower reproduction number, 11 and a higher probability of subclinical infection 11 compared to cattle, which may lead to delayed detection. In addition to the longer incubation time, infected sheep show only a few lesions; as a consequence, the infection may persist in a sheep herd, and the number of clinical cases may remain below the detection limit.…”

“…Nevertheless, the aerosol production of infectious FMDV by pigs differs strain by strain. 9,13,14 Clinical symptoms of the disease can include fever, blisters on the feet and on the mucosa of the mouth, loss of appetite, drooling, and lameness. 8 Surveillance for clinical signs of FMD still plays a significant role.…”

“…9 Trade connections or even infected food products brought in by tourists to European harbors or airports may pose the threat of reintroducing FMDV. Feeding pigs with contaminated meat product scraps may also play a significant role in bringing FMDV into a country, as was the case in the 2001 outbreak in the United Kingdom.…”