Vaccination Against Epidemic Influenza With Active Virus of Human Influenza

Stokes, Joseph; McGuinness, Aims C.; Langner, Paul H.; Shaw, Dortohy R.

doi:10.1097/00000441-193712000-00002

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In ferrets, mice and humans, rises in antibodies have been induced by vaccination. In ferrets and mice relative immunity has developed to subsequent infection which is to a great extent strainspecific and which persists three to four months (16,17,19,22,27 (24,25), virus was obtained from patients who had been previously vaccinated. Recent inoculation experiments with the complex vaccine of Horsfall and Lennette have given some evidence that a protective effect against influenza A was obtained (30).…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Epidemic of Influenza. Results of Prophylactic Inoculation of a Complex Influenza a-Distemper Vaccine 1

Brown¹,

Eaton²,

Meiklejohn³

et al. 1941

J. Clin. Invest.

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Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Epidemic of Influenza. Results of Prophylactic Inoculation of a Complex Influenza a-Distemper Vaccine 1

Brown¹,

Eaton²,

Meiklejohn³

et al. 1941

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…From the mid-1930s to the early 1940s, vaccine effects of activated and formalin-inactivated influenza viruses obtained from allantoic fluid of embryonated eggs or extracts of infected animal organs were studied in animals and humans by monitoring antibody production. [23][24][25] It was found that antigenic matching between the vaccine and circulating strains is important to guarantee vaccine efficacy 26 and that concentrated vaccine is more effective than the unconcentrated vaccine, whether or not the virus is inactivated. 27,28 In 1942, immune responses induced by an inactivated whole bivalent influenza vaccine consisting of the PR8 strain of influenza type A and the Lee strain of influenza type B and produced in embryonated eggs were evaluated in a clinical study.…”

Section: History Of Influenza Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future

Kim

Hong

Kim³

et al. 2021

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary Globally, infection by seasonal influenza viruses causes 3–5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000–650,000 respiratory deaths each year. Various influenza vaccines, including inactivated split‐ and subunit‐type, recombinant and live attenuated vaccines, have been developed since the 1930s when it was discovered that influenza viruses could be cultivated in embryonated eggs. However, the protection rate offered by these vaccines is rather low, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this review, we describe the history of influenza vaccine development, the immune responses induced by the vaccines and the adjuvants applied. Further, we suggest future directions for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in all age groups. This includes the development of an influenza vaccine that induces a balanced T helper cell type 1 and type 2 immune responses based on the understanding of the immune system, and the development of a broad‐spectrum influenza vaccine that can increase effectiveness despite antigen shifts and drifts, which are characteristics of the influenza virus. A brighter future can be envisaged if the development of an adjuvant that is safe and effective is realized.

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“…Numerous investigators (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) have shown that the administration of active or inactive virus results in an increase in circulating antibodies, and Francis (18,19) has demonstrated that this increase is accompanied by an enhancement of the virusinactivating capacity of the nasal secretions. Irrespective of the mechanism by means of which a solid immunity to influenza is achieved, the importance of securing concentrated virus preparations is indicated by the findings of Hirst and coworkers (20) that the average antibody response of human beings is directly related, though not strictly proportional, to the amount of virus administered.…”

Section: (From the Departmen¢ Of Animal And Plant Pathology Of The Romentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration and purification of influenza virus also appear to be of importance in connection with the prevention or control of influenza. Numerous investigators (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) have shown that the administration of active or inactive virus results in an increase in circulating antibodies, and Francis (18,19) has demonstrated that this increase is accompanied by an enhancement of the virusinactivating capacity of the nasal secretions. Irrespective of the mechanism by means of which a solid immunity to influenza is achieved, the importance of securing concentrated virus preparations is indicated by the findings of Hirst and coworkers (20) that the average antibody response of human beings is * The work described in this paper was done under a contract, recommended by the Committee on Medical Research, between the Orifice of Scientific Research and Development and The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Methods for the Concentration and Purification of Influenza Virus

Stanley¹

1944

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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The concentration and purification of influenza virus by means of differential centrifugation in a vacuum type centrifuge, by adsorption on and elution from adult chicken red cells, by elution of the precipitate formed on freezing and thawing of allantoic fluid, by adsorption on and elution from embryonic chick red cells, and by combinations of the first method with each of the three succeeding methods, have been studied. Over-all yields of virus of about 50 to 70 per cent were obtained by these methods and combinations of methods except for somewhat lower yields when adsorption on and elution from adult chicken red cells was employed. However, the purified products obtained by methods involving only the use of red cells or the freezing and thawing technique were found to contain about 80 per cent of non-virus protein. The purified products obtained when differential centrifugation was used either alone or in combination with any one of the other methods were found to be indistinguishable and to consist of a fairly homogeneous component having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S. Such preparations possessed about 22,000 chicken red cell agglutinating units per mg. of protein nitrogen and solutions containing only about 10–14 gm. of the materials gave 50 per cent infectivity end points in chick embryos. The Sharples centrifuge was found to be almost as efficient as the vacuum type centrifuge for the concentration and purification of influenza virus and, because of its larger capacity, is recommended for the preparation of purified virus on a large scale.

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Vaccination Against Epidemic Influenza With Active Virus of Human Influenza

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

An Epidemic of Influenza. Results of Prophylactic Inoculation of a Complex Influenza a-Distemper Vaccine 1

An Epidemic of Influenza. Results of Prophylactic Inoculation of a Complex Influenza a-Distemper Vaccine 1

Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future

An Evaluation of Methods for the Concentration and Purification of Influenza Virus

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