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Martin, Veronika; Bernhardsgrütter, Renate; Goebel, Rita; Steinert, Tilman

doi:10.1186/1745-0179-3-1

Cited by 83 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Chronic hepatitis C is the leading cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation. It is estimated that 50% - 80% of acute HCV infection will progress to chronic carrier status and, 20% will result in cirrhosis development and its complications after 20 to 30 years (2). In addition, about 3% of the world population (more than 170 million individuals) is chronically infected by hepatitis C, which is responsible for approximately 475,000 deaths around the world annually (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on the Prevalence of Depression in Blood Donors with Hepatitis C in Shiraz

Kasraian

Negarestani

Karimi³

et al. 2016

Hepat Mon

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BackgroundDepression is the most common psychiatric disorder associated with hepatitis C.ObjectivesThis study aimed to survey the prevalence rate of depression in patients with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) before they were aware of their HCV test result.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on all blood donors with confirmed positive HCV test results who donated blood between March 21, 2012 to March 21, 2013 at Fars blood transfusion center in Iran as case group and age- and sex-matched blood donors with negative screening test results as control group. A semi-structured interview based on DSM IV-TR depressive disorder criteria and Beck depression inventory (BDI) was conducted. BDI contained 21 items, each scored from 0 to 3 and total score of 0 to 63 for the whole scale computed by summing up all the items. A cut-off score of ≥ 19 indicated clinically significant depressive symptoms. The prevalence rate and risk factors of depression were determined.ResultsThe most frequent risk factors for HCV infection were intravenous drug abuse (59.3%), unsafe sexual contact (30.5%), and history of being imprisoned (25.4%). The prevalence rate of depression in the HCV group was 55.9 % (95% CI: 42.99% - 68.87%) that was significantly higher than the corresponding rate of the control group as 17.7 % ( 95% CI: 8.49% - 28.79%) (P < 0.001). The severity of depression was also more in the HCV group (P < 0.001). Besides, the prevalence rate of depression was higher among HCV patients with lower education level, previous history of drug abuse, unsafe sexual contact, and previous history of psychiatric diseases. The prevalence rate of depression was higher in the case group even after adjusting for other variables.ConclusionsOur study underlined the remarkable prevalence of depression among HCV patients. Therefore, designing depression screening tests is suggested to help such patients before starting the treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on the Prevalence of Depression in Blood Donors with Hepatitis C in Shiraz

Kasraian

Negarestani

Karimi³

et al. 2016

Hepat Mon

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“…user involvement [20, 21] and crowding [22]). This progress was accompanied by mental health research that provided the basis for data assessment, benchmarking [7, 8], and evaluation of instruments (for overview, see [23, 24]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who is Subjected to Coercive Measures as a Psychiatric Inpatient? A Multi-Level Analysis

Flammer

Steinert²,

Eisele³

et al. 2013

CPEMH

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Background:For a reduction in the use of coercive interventions it will be necessary to identify patients at risk. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of basic patient characteristics at admission, history within 24 hours before admission, and living conditions on the risk of experiencing coercive measures, controlling for ward characteristics in a multi-level approach.Methods:Patient characteristics of 3389 patients (1920 women) who had received inpatient treatment in 2007, data relating to coercive measures, and ward characteristics were extracted from the clinical basic documentation.Results:Patients with aggressive behaviour in the 24 hours prior to admission had a three times higher risk of coercive measures compared to non-aggressive patients. Severity of illness increased the risk of coercion markedly. With each level of severity, the risk of coercion was doubled. Voluntariness of stay appeared to be the best protective factor against coercive measures. If a patient stayed voluntarily, this reduced the risk of coercion by more than two thirds. No impact was found for living conditions.Conclusions:To identify patients at risk, it is most important to intensively monitor patients with aggressive behaviour prior to admission and patients with a greater severity of psychopathological symptoms.

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“…Rates of admissions exposed to seclusion and mechanical restraint vary widely with rates ranging from 0% to 66% [3-9]. The variations in the use of seclusion or mechanical restraint point to powerful local effects [3,10-12]. Restrictiveness of psychiatric containment methods are embedded in wider national cultures, rather than an isolated tradition of professional psychiatric practice [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

"Coercion Experience Scale" (CES) - validation of a questionnaire on coercive measures

2010

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BackgroundAlthough the authors of a Cochrane Review on seclusion and mechanical restraint concluded that "there is a surprising and shocking lack of published trials" on coercive interventions in psychiatry, there are only few instruments that can be applied in trials. Furthermore, as main outcome variable safety, psychopathological symptoms, and duration of an intervention cannot meet the demand to indicate subjective suffering and impact relevant to posttraumatic stress syndromes. An instrument used in controlled trials should assess the patients' subjective experiences, needs to be applicable to more than one intervention in order to compare different coercive measures and has to account for the specific psychiatric context.MethodsThe primary version of the questionnaire comprised 44 items, nine items on restrictions to human rights, developed on a clinical basis, and 35 items on stressors, derived from patients' comments during the pilot phase of the study. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal axis factoring (PAF) was carried out. The resulting factors were orthogonally rotated via VARIMAX procedure. Items with factor loadings less than .50 were eliminated. The reliability of the subscales was assessed by calculating Cronbach.ResultsData of 102 patients was analysed. The analysis yielded six factors which were entitled "Humiliation", "Physical adverse effects", "Separation", "Negative environment", "Fear" and "Coercion". These six factors explained 54.5% of the total variance. Cronbach alpha ranged from .67 to .93, which can be interpreted as a high internal consistency. Convergent and discriminant validity yielded both highly significant results (r = .79, p < .001, resp. r = .38, p < .001).ConclusionsThe "Coercion Experience Scale" is an instrument to measure the psychological impact during psychiatric coercive interventions. Its psychometric properties showed satisfying reliability and validity. For purposes of research it can be used to compare different coercive interventions. In clinical practice it can be used as a screening instrument for patients who need support after coercive interventions to prevent consequences from traumatic experiences. Further research is needed to identify possible diagnostic, therapeutic or prognostic implications of the total score and the different subscales.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN70589121

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Cited by 83 publications

References 16 publications

A Survey on the Prevalence of Depression in Blood Donors with Hepatitis C in Shiraz

A Survey on the Prevalence of Depression in Blood Donors with Hepatitis C in Shiraz

Who is Subjected to Coercive Measures as a Psychiatric Inpatient? A Multi-Level Analysis

"Coercion Experience Scale" (CES) - validation of a questionnaire on coercive measures

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