V2X Communication over Cellular Networks: Capabilities and Challenges

Abstract

Vehicular communications is expected to be one of the key applications for cellular networks during the following decades. Key international organizations have already described in detail a number of related use cases, along with their requirements. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of these use cases and a harmonized view of the requirements for the latest and most advanced autonomous driving applications. It also investigates the extent of support that 4G and 5G networks can offer to these use cases in terms of delay and spectrum needs. The paper identifies open issues and discusses trends and potential solutions.

Improved noisy gradient descent bit-flipping algorithm over Rayleigh fading channel

“…Assuming binary phase shift keying (BPSK) transmission, a codeword 𝒗 = (𝑣 0 , 𝑣 1 , 𝑣 2 , … , 𝑣 𝑛−1 ) is modulated to a sequence 𝒙 = (𝑥 0 , 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥 𝑛−1 ). For our simulation, the generator matrix 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 10 is used to generate codeword 𝒗 resulting a (21,11) projective geometry low density parity check (F) code. The modulation scheme maps each bit 𝑥 𝑘 to 𝑣 𝑘 where 𝑥 𝑘 = 2𝑣 𝑘 − 1 with 𝑘 = 0,1, … , 𝑛 − 1.…”

“…The required latency for V2V communication is application dependent and ranges from 10-100 ms [20]. Many V2V applications, described in [20] and [21], may arise while vehicles are moving at relatively fast speed with no direct line of sight. Such mobile channels may experience fading due to Doppler shifts caused by the relative speed of vehicles and may be better described using Rayleigh fading channel model.…”

Design, Development, and Evaluation of 5G-Enabled Vehicular Services: The 5G-HEART Perspective

“…In recent years, the advent of 5G has led to an increased interest in future applications that can fully utilize the extended capabilities it offers and has given rise to new challenges [5]. Specifically in the context of industrial communications, several studies have focused on describing novel use cases and scenarios involving vertical markets such as automotive, healthcare, manufacturing, food and agriculture, public transportation, media, and more [6][7][8][9]. For example, in [10], the authors present three novel Cooperated, Connected, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) use cases in a cross-border setting, running on top of the 5G communication infrastructures connecting three neighbouring cities.…”

“…For example, in [10], the authors present three novel Cooperated, Connected, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) use cases in a cross-border setting, running on top of the 5G communication infrastructures connecting three neighbouring cities. Apart from illustrative examples of the envisaged applications, a suitable set of metrics, target requirements, and KPIs has also been investigated, along with the enabling technologies needed for meeting these more stringent conditions [8][9][10][11][12]. As a representative example, an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven automated 5G end-to-end slicing solution for supporting multiple vertical services is introduced in [13].…”

Physical Layer Latency Management Mechanisms: A Study for Millimeter-Wave Wi-Fi

“…Two types of latency are addressed, depending on the use case: end-to-end (E2E) latency, the communication latency between the application layers of two devices and round-trip time (RTT), the E2E delay with the addition of a response. [6,7] V2X, UVs Platooning 25 RTT [6,8,9] and Remote control 10 E2E [6][7][8][9] drones Cooperative driving/flight 10 RTT [6][7][8][9] i4.0…”