V2I Propagation Loss Predictions in Simplified Urban Environment: A Two-Way Parabolic Equation Approach

Abstract

This study is devoted to radio wave propagation modeling in the urban environment. Special attention has been paid to the features of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. For the first time, the three-dimensional bidirectional parabolic equation (PE) method has been applied to the specified problem. Buildings and other obstacles are modeled by impenetrable (perfectly electric conducting) cuboids. A harmonic radiation source with an arbitrary direction pattern may be modeled. Numerical simulation is performed for various propagation scenarios. A comparison with the ray-tracing (RT) method is given. The results of the numerical simulation prove the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method. Some recommendations for deploying VANETs are obtained based on the numerical results.

Cityscape LoRa Signal Propagation Predicted and Tested Using Real-World Building-Data Based O-FDTD Simulations and Experimental Characterization

“…Knife-edge and PE approaches are the closest related to O-FDTD. However, such methods are limited in the number of wave reflections [36,37] and thus usually limited to a few knife edges or simplified models [45,66]. Multiple knife-edge diffraction [35] solves this issue but is still limited to simple geometries, which renders it unsuited for complex real-world building arrangements.…”

“…This rules out the usage of simpler ray-based algorithms that do not take diffraction into account. Knife-edge methods such as the two-way PE [45] consider diffraction, but its application to complex real-world building geometries is challenging. The ITM is likely the most thorough method.…”

Road-Side Unit Anomaly Detection

“…In [10], a failure detector of VANET systems is proposed, which has some notions of signal attenuation. In [11], numerical simulations were performed in various radio-propagation scenarios, where it was shown that various factors affect the attenuation of a signal. A signal tends to attenuate over large distances in line-of-sight (LOS) contexts, whereas in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) contexts, the presence of a building or obstacle can greatly affect signal intensity (in dBm).…”