UVA and UVB Penetration in the Water Column of a South West Atlantic Warm Temperate Estuary and its Effects on Cells and Fish Larvae

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the seasonal incidence of ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) in the water column of the Patos Lagoon estuary and the effects of UV radiation (UVR) at different organizational levels. Field work was conducted to collect UVA and UVB radiance, transparency, salinity, seston and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, and fish larvae at an inner and at an outer sampling site in the Patos Lagoon estuary (32°S). Cell culture techniques combined with tools for fluorimetric detection were used to assess possible damage caused by UVR. GEM-81 erythrophoroma cells and larvae of silverside Odontesthes argentinensis were used as biological indicators. Field results revealed that at the inner station, UVA penetration was deeper in autumn and shallower in spring when water-column was less transparent, fresher, and had the highest concentration of seston and Chl a. At the outer station, UVA penetration in the water-column in spring was significantly different than in summer, when transparency and water salinity were high and Chl a was low. UVB did not present significant variation between seasons at both sampling stations. Experiments with GEM-81 cell lineage revealed that UVA doses similar to the environment (1.35 J cm −2 ) inhibited cell proliferation, increased the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the lipid peroxide content (LPO), and lowered the activity of the antioxidant defense system (total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (TOSC)). For UVB, 0.075 J cm −2 caused cytotoxicity and 0.015 J cm −2 induced DNA damage in cells. Silverside larvae showed low growth rate when exposed to UVA and low antioxidant capacity when exposed to UVB. These results suggest that planktonic organisms that live close to surface water column in the Patos Lagoon estuary are subject to the effects of continued exposure to UVR. Knowledge of this impact is relevant to understand future changes in the populations dynamics of planktonic organisms and its ecological and economic implications to southern Brazil.

Rapid Simulation of Decade-Scale Charcoal Aging in Soil: Changes in Physicochemical Properties and Their Environmental Implications

“…UVA is the main component of UV light in the solar spectrum, making up 4–5% of the total solar irradiation. The intensity of UVA reaching the ground is relative to altitude, seasonal variation, and weather conditions, , ranging up to 7 mW cm –2 . − Specifically, the UVA intensity in Houston, TX, was approximately between 1 and 5 mW cm –2 measured at the ground level on a winter day, depending on the weather conditions. In our study, the light intensity at the center of the reactor was measured at 0.8 mW cm –2 using a radiometer (UVA/B light meter 850009, SPER SCIENTIFIC), which was the maximum light intensity generated by this photoreactor.…”

Patos Lagoon estuary and adjacent marine coastal biodiversity long-term data

“…The LTER-PLEA's database enabled the comprehension of the magnitude and drivers of short-and long-term changes in the abundance and composition of phytoplankton (Haraguchi et al, 2015), submerged aquatic vegetation (Copertino and Seeliger, 2010;Lanari and Copertino, 2017), benthic macrofauna (Collin et al, 2007(Collin et al, , 2010, micro-and mesozooplankton assemblages (Muxagata et al, 2012;Teixeira-Amaral et al, 2017), the most relevant ichthyoplankton species (Bruno and Muelbert, 2009;Costa et al, 2013), fish fauna (Garcia et al, 2001(Garcia et al, , 2003(Garcia et al, , 2004, pink shrimp, and Lahille's bottlenose dolphin population parameters (Fruet et al, 2011(Fruet et al, , 2015Genoves et al, 2018Genoves et al, , 2020. All this information has enabled the understanding of the dynamics of ichthyoplankton transport and recruitment into the estuary Franzen et al, 2019) and the influence of environmental dynamics on the health of fish larvae (Gouveia et al, 2015;Salvador and Muelbert, 2019); the influence of climatic and local factors on fish abundance, diversity, and trophic organization (Garcia et al, 2003(Garcia et al, , 2012(Garcia et al, , 2017Possamai et al, 2018); the evaluation of the secondary production of copepods and its main contributors (Muxagata et al, 2012;Teixeira-Amaral et al, 2017); occurrence of potentially harmful microalgae groups (e.g., cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates) (Haraguchi et al, 2015); diatom accumulation in surf zone influenced by drastic events like mud deposition freshwater output (Odebrecht et al, 2010(Odebrecht et al, , 2013; phase shifts in the SAV (Copertino and Seeliger, 2010;Lanari and Copertino, 2017); the importance of the main nursery grounds for commercial species…”

Patos Lagoon Estuary and Adjacent Marine Coastal Biodiversity Long-term data

“…The LTER-PLEA's database enabled the comprehension of the magnitude and drivers of short and long-term changes in the abundance and composition of phytoplankton (Haraguchi et al, 2015), submerged aquatic vegetation (Copertino and Seeliger, 2010;Copertino, 2017), benthic macrofauna (Collin et al, 2007;2010) micro and mesozooplankton assemblages (Muxagata et al, 690 2012;Teixeira-Amaral et al, 2017), the most relevant ichthyoplankton species (Bruno & Muelbert, 2009;Costa et al, 2013), fish fauna (Garcia et al, 2001;2003;, pink shrimp and Lahille's bottlenose dolphin population parameters (Fruet et al, 2011;Genoves et al, 2018;. All this information has enabled the understanding of the dynamics of ichthyoplankton transport and recruitment into the estuary (Franzen et al, 2019) and the influence of environmental dynamics on the 695 of fish larvae (Gouveia et al, 2015;Salvador and Muelbert, 2019), the influence of climatic and local factors on fish abundance, diversity and trophic organization (Garcia et al, 2003;Possamai et al, 2018), the evaluation of the secondary production of copepods and its main contributors (Muxagata et al, 2012;Teixeira-Amaral et al, 2017), occurrence of potentially harmful microalgae groups (e.g., cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates) (Haraguchi et al, 2015), diatom 700 accumulation in surf zone influenced by drastic events like mud deposition freshwater output (Odebrecht et al, 2010;, phase-shifts in the SAV (Copertino and Seeliger, 2010;Lanari and Copertino, 2017), the recognition of the main nursery grounds for commercial species (D'Incao, 1991;Haimovici and Cardoso, 2017), overfishing impacts through analysis of Lahille's bottlenose dolphin (Fruet et al, 2011;Secchi et al, 2017), assessments of the conservation status and adaptive 705 capacity and resilience of estuarine and marine organisms to anthropogenic changes and global warming (Bernardino et al, 2015;…”