Utilization potential of low temperature hydronic space heating systems in Russia

Are typical radiators over-dimensioned? An analysis of radiator dimensions in 1645 Danish houses

“…The observations were registered by plumbers performing service checks on heating system installations in houses supplied by district heating. The plumbers recorded the following information for each house (1)(2)(3) and for each room in the house (4-6): The estimation of the design heat load is based on the plumber's individual evaluation of the state of the building construction. This evaluation was typically carried out by starting from a table of typical heat loads for houses based on their construction year, and then reducing the expected heat load by the savings expected from identified energy renovations carried out, such as the replacement of windows or extra insulation added on the roof.…”

“…For example, Ploskid and Holmberg [2] have shown that operating a heating system with supply and return temperatures of 40 °C/30 °C instead of 55 °C/45 °C can improve heat pump efficiency by up to 25% and thus reduce CO 2 emissions from heating by up to 24%. In a review, Ovchinnikov et al [3] report additional benefits from low-temperature heating, including reduced heat losses from distribution systems in multi-family buildings [4] and improved thermal comfort [5].…”

“…New buildings can easily be designed for low-temperature space heating, and the general trend in building regulations is towards lower design temperatures [3,6,7]. However, existing buildings make up the majority of the current building stock, and existing heating elements were often designed for higher temperatures.…”

An Investigation into the Limitations of Low Temperature District Heating on Traditional Tenement Buildings in Scotland

“…The paper concludes that low temperature heating can be used in existing Russian housing, however, significant energy efficiency can only be achieved with vast refurbishment and building improvement. In a further paper, using an IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) tool, Ovchinnikov et al [19] provide a dynamic model and assessment of Russian building regulations and the feasibility of low-temperature heating for residential buildings. The study investigates four hydronic space-heating configurations with either a high temperature supply (75 • C) or low temperature supply (45 • C).…”

Adaptive control of housing and utilities infrastructure objects

“…This estimation may include different approaches for improving an energy performance of buildings as geothermal heat pump [5] and energy performance of domestic hot water systems [6]. Housing and utilities infrastructure objects include building of kindergarten [7], residential buildings [8,9], district heating [10,11] and other objects. The thermal behavior of buildings changes from quasi-stationary [12] to dynamic [13,14].…”