Utilization of Sustainable Energies for Purification of Water

Abstract

Water and energy are the most important topics on the environment and sustainable energy development agenda. The social and economic health of the modern world depends on sustainable supply of both energy and water. Many areas worldwide suffering from fresh water shortage are becoming increasingly dependent on purification as a highly reliable and non-conventional source of fresh water. Therefore, purification market has greatly expanded in recent decades and expected to continue in the coming years. The integration of renewable energy resources in purification and water purification has become increasingly attractive. This is justified by the fact that areas of fresh water shortages have plenty of solar energy and these technologies can be used due to their low operating and maintenance costs. This review paper discusses the systems that can be used to harness renewable energy sources including, solar collectors, solar ponds, photovoltaics, wind energy and geothermal energy and finally a discussion and conclusion about some distinguished features of each process. Merging of these renewable energy sources with conventional sources has led to optimize the performance of purification plant, less maintenance requirement and reduction in overall cost. It was found that, to choose the best renewable energy source for a purification plant in a particular area, important determinative factors should be considered such as water salinity, area remoteness, plant size, technical infrastructure of the plant, capacity factor, energy consumption and capital cost of the equipment.

Modeling and Analysis of Energy/Exergy for Absorber Pipes of Linear Parabolic Concentrating Systems

“…By placing the values of y and x from equation (2) into equation (3), finally, the focal length of the parabola is obtained as follows [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]:…”

“…ΔP in is the difference between the fluid pressure at the inlet and the ambient pressure. The sum of the radiative and the fluid flow exergies gives the total input exergy [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]:…”

“…Output exergy: the output exergy from the collector only includes the exergy of the fluid flow out of the collector and is similar to the input exergy of the flow [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]:…”

“…The technical and scientific developments gained as a result of the implementation of the Shiraz solar power plant project makes Iran one of the few countries producing solar power plants of the linear parabolic concentrator type [8][9][10].…”

Ceramic Microfiltration Membranes in Wastewater Treatment: Filtration Behavior, Fouling and Prevention

“…In this process, the applied electrophoretic force restricted the build-up of solutes on the surface of the membrane. The permeation rate is also improved via the filter cake because of electro-osmosis which is a secondary electro kinetic phenomenon [199]. The advantage of this method is that low cross-flow velocities can be used in the industrial context by applying this method [200].…”