Utilization of Scallop Waste Shell for Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil – Optimization Using Taguchi Method

Effectiveness of biogenic waste‐derived heterogeneous catalysts and feedstock hybridization techniques in biodiesel production

“…However, the deployment of low‐cost and sustainable waste biomass materials has been suggested as one strategy to address this problem and to enhance production and affordability 14, 15 . Edible oils, otherwise referred to as conventional feedstock, have been widely studied by several researchers as potential feedstocks of choice for biodiesel production 16–18 . However, the drawback is the ‘food versus energy rivalry’ when juxtaposed with food sources and so this remains a great global challenge.…”

Microwave radiation improves biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil in the presence of modified coal fly ash

“…Heterogeneous catalysts offer many advantages, including easier product separation, simpler operation, reusability, and a less problematic process due to the advantage of easy separation of catalysts from products [10]. In sustainable development, the search for heterogeneous catalysts from waste materials has become a topic of recent interest [11]. Mathiarasi et al [12] used boiler ash as a solid catalyst for transesterification of soap nut oil, and a maximum yield of methyl ester of 89% was obtained using 3.5 wt% catalyst and reaction time of 3 h. Viriya-empikul et al [13] used waste shells of eggs, golden apple snails, and meretrix venus for transesterification of palm oil, and a biodiesel yield of 90% was obtained using 10 wt% catalyst and a reaction time of 2 h. Nakatani et al [14] used oyster shells for transesterification of soybean oil and obtained a biodiesel yield of 73.8% using 25 wt% catalyst and reaction time of 5 h. Suryaputra et al [15] used waste capiz shells for transesterification of palm oil and achieved a biodiesel yield of 93% with 3 wt% catalyst and a reaction time of 6 h. Gabriel et al [1] used sea sand for transesterification of cooking oil and achieved the highest biodiesel yield of 95.4% using 7.5 wt% catalyst and a reaction time of 6 h.…”

An analysis on the effect of temperature on the morphology of egg shell CaO catalyst: Caytalyst production for biodiesel preparation

“…Similar trend of synthesized CaO include solid ostrich, chicken egg shells, river snail shells and other reported studies for use as catalyst. These studies have reported that usage of egg shell based CaO catalyst have recognisable methyl ester conversion rate, as compared to those using KoH or NaOH [13][14][15][16][17]. Researchers have also reported usage of homogeneous catalyst such as commercial KoH in methanolysis of Canola oil using response surface methodology method.…”