Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Residue as Sustainable Pavement Materials: A Review

Abstract

The advances in industrial technology have led to a major rise in the amount and forms of residue, especially during the processing of agricultural products. With the paradigm shift towards renewable energy and sustainability, there is much emphasis on biomass energy around the world which generates an immense volume of residues yearly. These residues are burgeoning issues because they are not effectively managed and utilized. Hence, one solution is utilizing them in the pavement industry. This article focuses on palm oil mill residues that are abundantly available and discarded in Malaysia. This study evaluates published works of literature relating to the utilization of these residues like the Palm Oil Fiber (POF), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), and Palm Oil Clinker (POC) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) in the pavement industry. The outcome of the review acknowledges the greater sustainability potential of these residues with affirmative and satisfactory performance via the result of numerous research work. Also, with a reduction in CO2-emission, low radioactivity, and heavy metal leaching level. Therefore, the review suggests more exploration and utilization of the residue in the pavement industry since it promotes safety and harness sustainability.

Geopolymer utilization in the pavement industry - An overview

“…Palm oil clinker (POC) is another waste generated during the oil palm manufacturing process and is discarded around the vicinity of the oil mill [24][25]. It is produced because of calcining oil palm fibers and shells in an appropriate proportion, this waste is created in large quantities in the heating zone of a steam boiler to generate electricity in the oil mill [26].…”

“…Industries and companies' sealants [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Heat resistance and fire resistances fiber composites…”

Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate granules modified by gamma irradiation and their effect as fine aggregates on moisture damage of asphalt mixtures

“…A large volume of Solid Waste Materials (SWMs) such as plastic is produced in metropolitan areas which poses a detrimental effect on the environment, in addition to consuming scarce land for landfilling. Several research studies have been undertaken recently to investigate the applicability of incorporating SWMs in pavement projects which resulted in a lot of interesting issues [5][6][7]. A hundred kilometers of virgin roads are constructed in many countries world widely consuming raw materials (such as aggregates) and non-renewable resources in millions of tons.…”

Evaluation of optimum asphalt content and engineering properties of asphalt mixture containing irradiated waste plastic bottles granules as aggregates

“…The potential to use waste PET in construction industries such as asphalt concrete mixes and concrete [5][6][7][8] has also increased recently. The goal of using waste materials in asphalt pavements are to reduce the amount of waste generated, limit the utilization and exploration of natural resources and fossil fuels (including aggregates, binder), stabilize toxins in harmful garbage, and improve the performance and serviceability of asphalt pavements, which are the most widely known pavement types globally [9][10][11].…”