Utilization of high and low calcium oxide fly ashes as the alternative fillers for natural rubber composites: A waste to wealth approach

Krainoi, Apinya; Sripornsawat, Boripat; Toh-ae, Pornsiri; Kitisavetjit, Wasuthon; Pittayavinai, Pitchapa; Tangchirapat, Weerachart; Kalkornsurapranee, Ekwipoo; Johns, Jobish; Nakaramontri, Yeampon

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115589

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Therefore, FA can potentially replace all or most commercial fillers in polymer composites. 99,100 3.1 | The source of fly ash FA, produced by combustion of coal at high temperatures to produce electricity, 101 has been regarded as a problematic solid waste all over the world. For instance, a single brown coal Belchatow Power Plant (Poland) produces 3-4 million tons of fly ash and solid deposits per year.…”

Section: Fly Ash As An Alternative Fillermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because FA has a high SiO 2 content, it is particularly useful in the automobile industry, 119 for artificial wood, car breaks, tires, rubber belts, and beads. 99…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Properties Of Fly Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In FA-loaded composites, the torque difference values increased. 99 Notably, the concentration of the matrix decreases as the filler content increases. Thus, a decrease in the NR phase and in the sulfur vulcanization and crosslinking region was observed.…”

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…176 F I G U R E 1 1 Variation of storage modulus with strain amplitude of natural rubber (NR) composites loaded with fly ash (FA) (i.e., High calcium oxides [HCaO] and low calcium oxides [LCaO]). 99 Reprinted from, 97 Copyright 2022, with permission from Elsevier. polymer network is a function of the deformation or shear amplitude.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…181 Recently, FA was compared with CB as the reinforcing filler in NR composites by measuring the Payne effect via the storage modulus (G 0 ) as a function of strain sweep, as shown in Figure 11. 99 The Payne effect is assessed using the difference in G 0 between the maximum and minimum strain amplitude. 182,183 As the amount of FA is increased, G 0 of the NR composites is increased.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waste material fly ash as an alternative filler for elastomers

Yangthong

Buaksuntear

Suethao

et al. 2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Fly ash (FA), a by‐product of the power generation industry, can potentially be used as a filler in polymer products. Particularly, FA has been investigated as an alternative filler to partially or fully replace commercial fillers in polymer composites. This mini‐review discusses the fundamental properties of FA, environmental pollution from commercial fillers, and the performance of FA in polymers. The properties of FA‐loaded polymer composites are discussed, including the morphological, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties. This review highlights the potential methods and challenges for substituting, or replacing, commercial fillers in various polymers such as natural rubber (NR), epoxidized NR, epoxy, styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR), NR/SBR blends, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyester.

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Section: Fly Ash As An Alternative Fillermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because FA has a high SiO 2 content, it is particularly useful in the automobile industry, 119 for artificial wood, car breaks, tires, rubber belts, and beads. 99…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Properties Of Fly Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%