Utilization of Healthcare in the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program

Panzner, Ursula; Pak, Gi Deok; Aaby, Péter; Adu‐Sarkodie, Yaw; Ali, Mohammad; Aseffa, Abraham; Baker, Stephen; Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten; Crump, John A.; Deerin, Jessica Fung; Espinoza, Ligia María Cruz; Gasmelseed, Nagla; Heriniaina, Jean Noël; Hertz, Julian T.; Im, Justin; Kalckreuth, Vera von; Keddy, Karen H.; Lankoandé, Bruno; Løfberg, Sandra Valborg; Meyer, Christian G.; Oresto, Michael Munishi; Park, Jin Kyung; Park, Se Eun; Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphäel; Sarpong, Nimako; Soura, Abdramane; Sow, Amy Gassama; Tall, Adama; Teferi, Mekonnen; Worku, Alemayehu; Yeshitela, Biruk; Wierzba, Thomas F.; Marks, Florian

doi:10.1093/cid/civ891

Cited by 31 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…HUS methods were based on those previously published by the Typhoid Fever surveillance in Africa Program consortium (TSAP) [15]. A total of 160 households (1,615 patients) were visited as part of the routine HDSS visits one to four times over a period of 18 months.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-based incidence, seasonality and serotype distribution of invasive salmonellosis among children in Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso

et al. 2017

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BackgroundBloodstream infections (BSI) caused by Salmonella Typhi and invasive non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) frequently affect children living in rural sub-Saharan Africa but data about incidence and serotype distribution are rare.ObjectiveThe present study assessed the population-based incidence of Salmonella BSI and severe malaria in a Health and Demographic Surveillance System in a rural area with seasonal malaria transmission in Nanoro, Burkina Faso.MethodsChildren between 2 months—15 years old with severe febrile illness were enrolled during a one-year surveillance period (May 2013—May 2014). Thick blood films and blood cultures were sampled and processed upon admission. Population-based incidences were corrected for non-referral, health seeking behavior, non-inclusion and blood culture sensitivity. Adjusted incidence rates were expressed per 100,000 person-years of observations (PYO).ResultsAmong children < 5 years old, incidence rates for iNTS, Salmonella Typhi and severe malaria per 100,000 PYO were 4,138 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3,740–4,572), 224 (95% CI: 138–340) and 2,866 (95% CI: 2,538–3,233) respectively. Among those aged 5–15 years, corresponding incidence rates were 25 (95% CI: 8–60), 273 (95% CI: 203–355) and 135 (95% CI: 87–195) respectively. Most iNTS occurred during the peak of the rainy season and in parallel with the increase of Plasmodium falciparum malaria; for Salmonella Typhi no clear seasonal pattern was observed. Salmonella Typhi and iNTS accounted for 13.3% and 55.8% of all 118 BSI episodes; 71.6% of iNTS (48/67) isolates were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and 25.4% (17/67) Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis; there was no apparent geographical clustering.ConclusionThe present findings from rural West-Africa confirm high incidences of Salmonella Typhi and iNTS, the latter with a seasonal and Plasmodium falciparum-related pattern. It urges prioritization of the development and implementation of Salmonella Typhi as well as iNTS vaccines in this setting.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-based incidence, seasonality and serotype distribution of invasive salmonellosis among children in Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso

et al. 2017

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“…Specifically, multiplier methods were used to determine the incidence of acute leptospirosis in the Kilimanjaro Region during 2007–08 [9]. Using hospital based prevalence data and multipliers from a linked health-care seeking behaviour survey [10], the annual incidence of acute leptospirosis was estimated as 75–102 cases per 100,000 [9]. This estimate of incidence based on empirical data was substantially higher than an estimate (7–38 cases per 100,000 population) for Tanzania based on a modelling approach using incorporated data from a systematic review of risk factors [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Estimated Incidence of Acute Leptospirosis in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania between 2007–08 and 2012–14

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe sole report of annual leptospirosis incidence in continental Africa of 75–102 cases per 100,000 population is from a study performed in August 2007 through September 2008 in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. To evaluate the stability of this estimate over time, we estimated the incidence of acute leptospirosis in Kilimanjaro Region, northern Tanzania for the time period 2012–2014.Methodology and Principal FindingsLeptospirosis cases were identified among febrile patients at two sentinel hospitals in the Kilimanjaro Region. Leptospirosis was diagnosed by serum microscopic agglutination testing using a panel of 20 Leptospira serovars belonging to 17 separate serogroups. Serum was taken at enrolment and patients were asked to return 4–6 weeks later to provide convalescent serum. Confirmed cases required a 4-fold rise in titre and probable cases required a single titre of ≥800. Findings from a healthcare utilisation survey were used to estimate multipliers to adjust for cases not seen at sentinel hospitals. We identified 19 (1.7%) confirmed or probable cases among 1,115 patients who presented with a febrile illness. Of cases, the predominant reactive serogroups were Australis 8 (42.1%), Sejroe 3 (15.8%), Grippotyphosa 2 (10.5%), Icterohaemorrhagiae 2 (10.5%), Pyrogenes 2 (10.5%), Djasiman 1 (5.3%), Tarassovi 1 (5.3%). We estimated that the annual incidence of leptospirosis was 11–18 cases per 100,000 population. This was a significantly lower incidence than 2007–08 (p<0.001).ConclusionsWe estimated a much lower incidence of acute leptospirosis than previously, with a notable absence of cases due to the previously predominant serogroup Mini. Our findings indicate a dynamic epidemiology of leptospirosis in this area and highlight the value of multi-year surveillance to understand leptospirosis epidemiology.

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“…31 Studies on meningococcal meningitis also demonstrated the importance of diagnosis and serogrouping in the effective surveillance and epidemiology of this disease, [37][38][39] as did studies on typhoid. 34,35,40,41 The finding in the present study that a diagnostic result was not obtained in a large percentage of NDSS cases is a cause for concern; this should be addressed in the reform of the South African NDSS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Comparing laboratory surveillance with the notifiable diseases surveillance system in South Africa

Benson

Musekiwa

Blumberg

et al. 2017

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Utilization of Healthcare in the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

Population-based incidence, seasonality and serotype distribution of invasive salmonellosis among children in Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso

Population-based incidence, seasonality and serotype distribution of invasive salmonellosis among children in Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso

Comparison of the Estimated Incidence of Acute Leptospirosis in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania between 2007–08 and 2012–14

Comparing laboratory surveillance with the notifiable diseases surveillance system in South Africa

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