Utilization of ferroalumina as raw material in the production of Ordinary Portland Cement

The History, Challenges, and New Developments in the Management and Use of Bauxite Residue

“…Due to its high iron and aluminium oxide content, it can be, in an appropriate manner, treated or with other iron ores, be smelted to iron.'' Possible applications can broadly be broken down into various categories: • recovery of specific components present in the bauxite residue, e.g., iron, titanium, aluminum, lanthanides, scandium, yttrium, and gallium [17,18]; • use as a major component in the manufacture of another product, e.g., cement [19][20][21]; • use of the bauxite residue as a component in a building or construction material, e.g., concrete, tiles, bricks [22]; • use for specific properties, e.g., soil amelioration or landfill capping [22]; • conversion of the bauxite residue to a useful material by modifying the compounds present, e.g., Virotec process [23][24][25].…”

“…Some of the most attractive areas have been: cement manufacture [19][20][21]28], use in concrete, iron recovery [30,34], titanium recovery [17], use in building panels, bricks, foamed insulating bricks, tiles, soil amelioration, refuse tip capping/site restoration, treatment of acid mine drainage [23][24][25], soil amelioration, road construction [27], dam/levee construction, pigments, and glass ceramics. Meanwhile, some other uses which have been shown to be technically feasible but not yet exploited to any significant degree are lanthanides (rare earth elements) recovery, scandium recovery, gallium recovery, vanadium recovery, cobalt recovery, yttrium recovery, adsorbent of heavy metals/ dyes/phosphate/fluoride, water treatment chemical, ceramics, foamed glass, oil drilling or gas extraction proppants, gravel/railway ballast, calcium and silicon fertilizer, filler for PVC, wood substitute, geopolymers [45], catalysts [40], plasma spray coating of aluminum and copper, manufacture of aluminum titanate-Mullite composites for high temperature-resistant coatings, composites with epoxides, composites with poly aniline, manufacture of radiopaque materials for the construction of X-ray diagnostic and CT scanner rooms, catalyst for hydrocarbon cracking, desulfurisation of flue gas, arsenic removal, and chromium removal.…”

“…In addition, it can behave as a supplementary cementitious material which is used in mortar or concrete mixes, this can provide: better mechanical properties; more efficient use of resources; lower carbon dioxide emissions [19][20][21]. Certain types of 'special' cement, for example, calcium sulfo-aluminate (belite type cement), can also be made utilizing bauxite residue, these generate very substantially lower carbon dioxide emission levels during production [28].…”

Uso del residuo industrial “yeso rojo” como sustituto del yeso natural para la fabricación de cementos comerciales

“…Por otra parte, no hay que dejar de lado los posibles beneficios económicos procedentes de esta valorización (1,2). La minimización en la producción de residuos, evitando su liberación directa al medio ambiente, genera no solo beneficios ambientales sino también la obtención de ciertos co-productos con valor económico que pueden ser destinados a nuevas aplicaciones (3,4). Un uso potencial muy desarrollado para ciertos residuos industriales es su incorporación a los cementos (5-7), buscando aumentar los niveles de sostenibilidad en la materialización de las construcciones, desde la fase de diseño de los edificios (8), e incluso en la fabricación de los diferentes componentes que integran dichos edificios (9).…”

“…On the other hand, is important do not leave out the potential economic benefit of this recovery (1,2). The minimization in the waste production, avoiding its direct release into the environment, generates not only environmental benefits but also the production of certain co-products with economic value that can be allocated to new applications (3,4). One potential use for certain highly developed industrial wastes, is their incorporation in the cement industry (5-7), seeking to increase the sustainability level in the constructions, from the design phase of buildings (8), and even in the manufacturing of different components of these buildings (9).…”