Utilization of eye‐movement phosphenes to help understand transient strains at the optic disc and nerve in myopia

Enoch, Jay M.; Choi, Stacey S.; Kono, Momoyo; Schwartz, Dan; Bearse, Marcus A.

doi:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00120.x

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, at the extremes of ocular duction the optic nerve is kinked at the scleral canal, which induces a tensile strain on the outer side of the bend and compression on the inner side. As has been suggested by Purkinje, and other investigators, 2,[4][5][6][7]12,44 it appears that adduction may be mechanically more stressful than abduction, which may explain why the difference in shape among normals and AION consists of a greater posterior displacement temporally than nasally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…48 There is psychophysical evidence to support this idea of transient gaze-evoked strains on the optic nerve and juxtapapillary retina. The ''fiery rings'' described by Purkinje in 1823, expanded on by Helmholtz in 1911 2 and others, 3,[5][6][7] are momentary, pericecal phosphenes elicited by adducting saccades or convergence. They appear as crescents on the temporal margin of the blind spot and are best seen in the morning in the dark.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Nebel 5 speculated that these gaze-evoked phosphenes were due to vitreopapillary traction. However, Enoch et al 7 have shown that the ''fiery rings can be evoked in subjects with a complete posterior vitreous detachment. Demer 12 suggests that on adduction much, if not all, of the strain takes place temporally predominantly borne by the optic nerve sheath that protects the optic nerve from tensile loading.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The idea that gaze might strain the optic nerve and surrounding eye wall dates back to Purkinje in the early 19th century, who suggested that traction on the optic nerve might explain certain gaze-evoked phosphenes. [2][3][4][5][6][7] In 1941, Friedman 4 speculated that on adduction the peripapillary retina temporal to the disc was tethered by the optic nerve and compressed by the sclera on the nasal side. In 1980, Greene 1 examined stress concentration on the posterior sclera caused by the extraocular muscles in myopia.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gaze Evoked Deformations of the Peripapillary Retina in Papilledema and Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Sibony

2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Horizontal eye movements affect the shape of the ppBM layer. The deformation in normals and AION, in adduction, causes posterior displacement temporal to the BMO. In contrast, the deformations in papilledema are larger, involving temporal and nasal sides, presumably because of shifts in cerebrospinal fluid pressure against the scleral flange and hydraulic stiffening of the optic nerve sheath. The clinical importance of gaze-induced deformations is unknown but repetitive motion may be a factor in the genesis or progression of a variety of optic neuropathies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gaze Evoked Deformations of the Peripapillary Retina in Papilledema and Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Sibony

2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Visual symptoms that also include phosphenes constitute an early sign of optic nerve demyelination in patients that will later develop multiple sclerosis (see Wilkstrom et al ., 1980 ; Levin and Lessel, 2003 ). Severe myopia, changes in eye pressure and vitreous retraction, which may be a prelude to retinal detachment, stimulate the visual cells mechanically thus generating phosphenes ( Forzli el and Brasseur, 1999 ; Enoch et al ., 2003 ). Spontaneous visual perceptions associated with retinal and optic nerve diseases may overlap with those resulting from retrochiasmal disorders ( Murtha and Stasheff, 2003 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological induction of phosphenes

Cervetto

Demontis

Gargini

2007

British J Pharmacology

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Visual sensations evoked by stimuli other than luminance changes are called phosphenes. Phosphenes may be an early symptom in a variety of diseases of the retina or of the visual pathways, but healthy individuals may perceive them as well. Phosphene‐like phenomena are perhaps the most common side effect reported in clinical pharmacology. Ivabradine, a novel anti‐anginal drug that reduces heart‐rate by inhibiting the hyperpolarization activated current expressed in cardiac sinoatrial node cells (If) induces phosphenes in some patients. One hypothesis is that ivabradine interacts with the visual system by inhibiting hyperpolarization‐activated current in retinal cells (Ih). An Ih current with properties similar to cardiac If has been reported in retinal neurones. Under normal circumstances most of the random fluctuations generated within the retinal circuits do not reach the level of conscious perception because they are filtered out. Presumably, filtering occurs mostly within the retina and one serious candidate for this action is the ability of Ih to act as a negative‐feedback mechanism. Ih activation in the membrane of visual cells causes dampening of responses to slow noisy inputs thus tuning the visual system to perceptually more relevant signals of higher frequency. Ih inhibition, by altering at the retinal synapses the filtering of signals generated by thermal breakdown of rhodopsin or other fluctuations, is expected to increase the probability of phosphene occurrence. It is the purpose of the present paper to outline and discuss the features of the visual system and the pharmacological conditions relevant to phosphene perception. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 383–390. doi:

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Age-dependent changes in visual sensitivity induced by moving fixation points in adduction and abduction using imo perimetry

Shoji

Mine

Kumagai

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Visual field (VF) testing has usually been performed with the central gaze as a fixed point. Recent publications indicated optic nerve head deformations induced by optic nerve traction force can promote the progression of optic neuropathies, including glaucoma. We generated a new static test protocol that adds 6° adduction and abduction to gaze position (fixation points) movement. The aim of this study was to investigate both whether quantifying VF sensitivities at lateral horizontal gaze positions is feasible and whether horizontal gaze positions change sensitivities differently in subjects of different ages. Healthy adult eyes from 29 younger (≤ 45 years) and 28 elderly (> 45 years) eyes were examined in this cross-sectional study. After VF testing with central gaze as a fixation point using 24 plus (1) imo static perimetry, subjects underwent VF testing with 6° adduction and 6° abduction as fixation points. The average mean sensitivities with central gaze, adduction, and abduction were 29.9 ± 1.0, 29.9 ± 1.3, and 30.0 ± 1.2 decibels (dB) in younger subjects and 27.7 ± 1.2, 27.5 ± 1.7, and 28.1 ± 1.3 dB in elderly subjects, respectively. Visual sensitivity in young healthy subjects was similar among the three fixation points, whereas visual sensitivity in elderly healthy subjects was significantly better with abduction as a fixation point than with central gaze and adduction (both p < 0.05). We expect this test protocol to contribute to our understanding of visual function during horizontal eye gaze movement in various eye diseases.

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Utilization of eye‐movement phosphenes to help understand transient strains at the optic disc and nerve in myopia

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Gaze Evoked Deformations of the Peripapillary Retina in Papilledema and Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Gaze Evoked Deformations of the Peripapillary Retina in Papilledema and Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Cellular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological induction of phosphenes

Age-dependent changes in visual sensitivity induced by moving fixation points in adduction and abduction using imo perimetry

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