Utilization of essential oil as natural antifungal against nail‐infective fungi

Han

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

et al. 2007

Dermatophytosis is a superficial infection caused by keratinophilic fungi, known as dermatophytes, in keratinized tissues including hair, nail and stratum corneum of skin. The dermatophytes include three genera: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. The species that most commonly infect animals are Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Trichopyton mentagrophyte. The fungi invade into keratinized tissues and hair follicles, and cause patchy alopecia, scale, and subsequent inflammation.1,2) Traditional antifungal drugs have variable adverse effects, and fungal resistance is becoming more common. Thus, more potent and safer antifungal agents need to be developed. [3][4][5] Various plant materials are believed to have antifungal activity, and many essential oils have been reported to have antifungal activities. [6][7][8] Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) is an evergreen tree in the Cupressaceae family with antibacterial and anticandidal activities as well as a sedative, stress-reducing effect which decreases serum cortisol levels.9,10) Eugenol and nerolidol are extracted from an essential oil from Japanese cypress. Eugenol is a major phenolic component of clove oil used in dentistry as a root canal sealer. Eugenol has been reported to inhibit the growth of bacteria, including oral bacteria 11) and some gram positive and negative bacteria (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogens), Lactobacillus sakei) by interaction with the cell membrane.12,13) Anticandidal activities of Eugenol have also been described in vitro and in vivo. 14,15) Silva et al. demonstrated that eugenol, a main constituent of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, has antidermatophytic activities in vitro; this effect has not been confirmed in vivo. Nerolidol is a sesquiterpenoid component of essential oil used to enhance flavor and aroma, and has been studied as a topical skin penetration enhancer. [16][17][18] In addition, nerolidol has inhibitory activities on S. aureus and E. coli by altering bacterial cell permeability, 19,20) but it has not been evaluated for antifungal activities.Thus, in the present study, antifungal activities of the essential oils, eugenol and nerolidol, were evaluated against dermatophytes. The antifungal activities of these biomaterials were assessed against one dermatophyte, M. gypseum, using the microdilution method in a guinea pig model. 21,22) MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental AnimalsIn the present study, 20 male albino guinea pigs (5-week old, 350 to 400 g) were obtained from Dae Han Biolink Co., Ltd. (Eumsung, Chungbuk, Korea). All animals were individually housed in polycarbonate cages, and used after acclimation to an environmentally controlled room (temperature: 23Ϯ2°C, relative humidity: 50Ϯ10%, frequent ventilation and 12 h light cycle). All experimental and animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chungbuk National University.Test Materials Eugenol and nerolidol were extracted from Japanese cypress at the Department...

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Effect of Eugenol and Nerolidol against Microsporum gypseum in a Guinea Pig Model

Han

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

et al. 2007

“…belonging to the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) is a well-known aromatic and medicinal herb. It is carminative and commonly used to flavor liquors, bread, fish, salad, soups, cheese and in manufacturing of pickles, perfumes, soaps, cosmetics and cough drops (Tanira et al, 1996;Beaux et al, 1997;Garcia-Jamenz et al, 2000;Patra et al, 2002), while Indians and Egyptians knew it as culinary species (Farooqi et al, 1993).…”

Section: Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Foeniculum vulgare</i> Mill. A Medicinal Herb

Khan¹,

Musharaf²

2014

mpr

Foeniculum vulgare .Mill. commonly known as Fennel belonging to the family Apiaceae, is a small, erect and aromatic herb. A number of chemical constituents and various therapeutic effects of this herb have been reported by different workers. Extensive investigations have been carried out on different parts of herb and as a consequence, varied classes of compounds fatty acids, hydrocarbons and sterols, Furocoumarins; (imperatorin, psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin and isopimpinellin), Flavonoids; (isorhamnetin 3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin and kaempferol) and quercetin; (3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside and quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside) have been isolated. So, it has been used in ethnomedicine to exploit its medicinal properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. The presented review summarizes the information about the ethnopharmacology, toxicity, phytochemistry and biological activity of F. vulgare.

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

“…Fennel, which is largely planted in temperate and tropical regions of the world, is extensively used for medicine purposes and as a culinary spice (Tanira et al, 1996;Beaux et al, 1997;Patra et al, 2002;Barros et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF <i>FOENICULUM VULGARE</i> MILL. (UMBELLIFERAE) EXTRACT

Dahak

Taourirte

2013

The importance to push scientifically the investigations on the organic extracts of the plants aromatic as potential source of new antimicrobial compounds comes from the traditional use of the plants. However, the consumption of these natural products requires à thorough research in this field. The antimicrobial effect of organic and aqueous leaves extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill., However, which makes difficult this antimicrobial activity, is the insolubility of organic extracts in water. The standard M27-T technique is basically used to cure this problem. The microorganisms under examination were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus hirea, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The M27-T technique allowed us to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of different extracts. Therefore, the test's results showed that the all samples were clearly different in terms of antimicrobial activities. All extracts of Foeniculum vulgare showed the most activity on all the microorganisms tested. The most significant and active extract under study were methanol and ethyl acetate on all the bacteria tested in comparaison to the hexane and aqueous extracts. On the other hand, the results of antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract were more compelling than the hexane and dichloromethane extracts when used on Candida albicans (ATCC and CBS) (MIC = 0,78 mg mL −1 ). It then appear that C. albicans ATCC is the least susceptible microorganisms to the ethyl acetate extract. The chloramphenicol, amoxicillin and amphotericin B were used as standard antibiotics to carry this study.