Utilization of energy for growth and maintenance in continuous and batch cultures of microorganisms

Stouthamer, A. H.; Bettenhaussen, Corry W.

doi:10.1016/0304-4173(73)90012-8

Cited by 369 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This is because methanogenesis is linked to ATP production (Thauer, 1998), and the maintenance energy requirement and growth rate of a microbe can affect the molar growth yield per mole of ATP (g microbial DM/mol ATP; Y ATP ; Stouthamer and Bettenhaussen, 1973). Rapidly growing microbes have a higher Y ATP , as less energy is devoted to maintenance processes, whereas microbes with lower maintenance energy requirements have higher Y ATP values as more energy can be devoted to growth (Stouthamer and Bettenhaussen, 1973).…”

Section: Methods To Estimate Rumen Methanogen Abundancementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical markers for rumen methanogens and methanogenesis

McCartney

Bull

Dewhurst

2013

Animal

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The targeting of mcrA or 16S rRNA genes by quantitative PCR (qPCR) has become the dominant method for quantifying methanogens in rumen. There are considerable discrepancies between estimates based on different primer sets, and the literature is equivocal about the relationship with methane production. There are a number of problems with qPCR, including low primer specificity, multiple copies of genes and multiple genomes per cell. Accordingly, we have investigated alternative markers for methanogens, on the basis of the distinctive ether lipids of archaeal cell membranes. The membranes of Archaea contain dialkyl glycerol ethers such as 2,3-diphytanayl-O-sn-glycerol (archaeol), and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) such as caldarchaeol (GDGT-0) in different proportions. The relationships between estimates of methanogen abundance using qPCR and archaeol measurements varied across primers. Studies in other ecosystems have identified environmental effects on the profile of ether lipids in Archaea. There is a long history of analysing easily accessible samples, such as faeces, urine and milk, to provide information about digestion and metabolism in livestock without the need for intrusive procedures. Purine derivatives in urine and odd-chain fatty acids in milk have been used to study rumen function. The association between volatile fatty acid proportions and methane production is probably the basis for empirical relationships between milk fatty acid profiles and methane production. However, these studies have not yet identified consistent predictors. We have evaluated the relationship between faecal archaeol concentration and methane production across a range of diets in studies on beef and dairy cattle. Faecal archaeol is diagnostic for ruminant faeces being below the limit of detection in faeces from non-ruminant herbivores. The relationship between faecal archaeol and methane production was significant when comparing treatment means across diets, but appears to be subject to considerable between-animal variation. This variation was also evident in the weak relationship between archaeol concentrations in rumen digesta and faeces. We speculate that variation in the distribution and kinetics of methanogens in the rumen may affect the survival and functioning of Archaea in the rumen and therefore contribute to genetic variation in methane production. Indeed, variation in the relationship between the numbers of micro-organisms present in the rumen and those leaving the rumen may explain variation in relationships between methane production and both milk fatty acid profiles and faecal archaeol. As a result, microbial markers in the faeces and milk are unlikely to relate well back to methanogenesis in the rumen. This work has also highlighted the need to describe methanogen abundance in all rumen fractions and this may explain the difficulty interpreting results on the basis of samples taken using stomach tubes or rumenocentesis.

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Section: Methods To Estimate Rumen Methanogen Abundancementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical markers for rumen methanogens and methanogenesis

McCartney

Bull

Dewhurst

2013

Animal

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“…We cannot provide all the information on microbial bioenergetics in pure cultures, and so we refer the reader to several excellent reviews (100,101,117,135,140). In brief, there has been a continuous search for regular behavior in BGE by normalizing yield to substrate consumed (94) or to energy produced from the substrate (Y ATP sensu Bauchop & Elsden [4]).…”

Section: Growth Efficiency In Bacterial Cultures With Defined Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, maintenance energy becomes an increasingly greater fraction of the total energy flow in the cell at low growth rates, and growth efficiency declines. However, the concept of a constant maintenance energy requirement has been repeatedly challenged in recent years, because it has been experimentally shown that values vary by more than 30-fold (6,135,(138)(139)(140).…”

Section: Growth Efficiency In Bacterial Cultures With Defined Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Growth Efficiency in Natural Aquatic Systems

Giorgio

Cole

1998

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.

1,172

904

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Heterotrophic bacteria perform two major functions in the transformation of organic matter: They produce new bacterial biomass (bacterial secondary production [BP]), and they respire organic C to inorganic C (bacterial respiration [BR]). For planktonic bacteria, a great deal has been learned about BP and its regulation during the past several decades but far less has been learned about BR. Our lack of knowledge about BR limits our ability to understand the role of bacteria in the carbon cycle of aquatic ecosystems. Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is the amount of new bacterial biomass produced per unit of organic C substrate assimilated and is a way to relate BP and BR: BGE = (BP)/(BP + BR). Estimates of BGE for natural planktonic bacteria range from <0.05 to as high as 0.6, but little is known about what might regulate this enormous range. In this paper we review the physiological and ecological bases of the regulation of BGE. Further, we assemble the literature of the past 30 years for which both BP and BR were measured in natural planktonic ecosystems and explore the relationship between BGE and BP. Although the relationship is variable, BGE varies systematically with BP and the trophic richness of the ecosystem. In the most dilute, oligotrophic systems, BGE is as low as 0.01; in the most eutrophic systems, it plateaus near 0.5. Planktonic bacteria appear to maximize carbon utilization rather than BGE. A consequence of this strategy is that maintenance energy costs (and therefore maintenance respiration) seems to be highest in oligotrophic systems. 503

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“…Provided that the maintenance requirement [me; mmol ATP (g biomass)-' h-'1 is known, the Y A T p corrected for maintenance, the w a l l e d Y:! ; (Stouthamer, 1973;Stouthamer & Bettenhaussen, 1973) A theoretical value for Y,,, can be obtained via an estimation of the amount of energy required for production of a given amount of biomass, by a theoretical analysis of all the assimilatory reactions leading to the formation of biomass. This requires knowledge of the cell composition, both in terms of biomass polymers (proteins, carbohydrates, RNA and lipids) and of the monomer composition (amino acids, nucleotides etc.)…”

Section: Calculation Of Yatpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetics of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Anaerobic Glucose-Limited Chemostat Cultures

Verduyn

Postma

Scheffers

et al. 1990

Journal of General Microbiology

226

170

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The energetics of Saccharomyces cerenisiae were studied in anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures via an analysis of biomass and metabolite production. The observed YATp was dependent on the composition of the biomass, the production of acetate, the extracellular pH, and the provision of an adequate amount of fatty acid in the medium. Under optimal growth conditions, the YATp was approximately 16 g biomass (mol ATP formed)-'. This is much higher than previously reported for batch cultures. Addition of acetic acid or propionic acid lowered the YATP. A linear correlation was found between the energy required to compensate for import of protons and the amount of acid added. This energy requirement may be regarded as a maintenance energy, since it was independent of the dilution rate at a given acid concentration.

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Utilization of energy for growth and maintenance in continuous and batch cultures of microorganisms

Cited by 369 publications

References 41 publications

Chemical markers for rumen methanogens and methanogenesis

Chemical markers for rumen methanogens and methanogenesis

Bacterial Growth Efficiency in Natural Aquatic Systems

Energetics of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Anaerobic Glucose-Limited Chemostat Cultures

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