Utilization of Coconut Shell as Cr2O3 Catalyst Support for Catalytic Cracking of Jatropha Oil into Biofuel

Abstract

Coconut shell waste is a waste that has a high carbon content. Carbon in coconut shell waste can be converted into activated carbon having a large surface area. This potential property is suitable to apply the coconut shell as catalyst support. To increase the catalytic activity, metal oxides such as Cr2O3 are impregnated. The purpose of this study is to synthesize Cr2O3/carbon catalyst and test its catalytic activity on catalytic cracking of Jatropha oil. The first stage was the synthesis of activated carbon and the determination of its proximate and ultimate. The second step was impregnation to produce Cr2O3/carbon catalyst. Furthermore, X-Ray Diffraction to determine crystallinity, Surface Area Analyzer to identify its surface area and Fourier Transform Infrared to analyze functional groups. Then the catalytic activity was tested on the catalytic cracking of Jatropha oil. In addition, the chemical compound composition and biofuel selectivity of the catalytic cracking product was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. Proximate analysis results showed that activated carbon contains 9%, 1%, 23%, and 67% of water, ash, evaporated substances, and bound carbon, respectively. The results of the ultimate analysis resulted in carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) contents of 65.422%, 3.384%, and 0.465%, correspondingly. The catalyst crystallinity test showed the presence of Cr2O3 peaks at 2θ: 24.43°; 33.47° and 36.25° according to JCPDS No. 84-1616. In the absorption area of 400-1000 cm-1 and the range of 2000 cm-1 showed the presence of Cr-O stretching due to Cr2O3 adsorbed into the activated carbon structure. The surface area of activated carbon and Cr2O3/carbon catalysts with a concentration of 1.3, and 5% was 8.930 m2/g; 47.205 m2/g; 50.562 m2/g; and 38.931 m2/g, respectively. The catalytic activity test presented that the best performance was showed by Cr2O3/carbon catalyst with a concentration of 5% indicated by conversion of Jatropha oil into biofuel of 67.777% with gasoline selectivity, kerosene, and diesel of 36.97%, 14.87%, and 15.94%, correspondingly.

Catalytic Cracking of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate with NaOH and KOH Catalyst Supported by Gamma Alumina

“…The reactor is filled with 50 mL of palm fatty acid distillate from palm oil refining, 0.5 grams of NaOH/-Al2O3 catalyst (1% of the raw ingredients), and a magnetic stirrer. The reaction is then performed for two hours after the reactor heater is turned on until it reaches a temperature of 370°C (Aziz et al, 2020). The biofuel product will evaporate from the reactor to the liquid product container during the reaction and flow through the condenser.…”

Perengkahan Katalitik Distilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMs) menggunakan Katalis HCl Berpenyangga Gamma Alumina

“…Hasil rendemen tertinggi dari masing-masing katalis diperoleh pada penggunaan konsentrasi katalis 1% yaitu sebanyak 80%. Penurunan rendemen produk disebabkan penambahan konsentrasi katalis menghalangi reaktan distilat asam lemak minyak sawit (DALMs) ini untuk mengalami perengkahan dengan sempurna, sehingga reaksi perengkahan menjadi lambat dan terjadi deaktivasi katalis yang disebabkan oleh impurities terkandung pada reaktan [12,13]. Penambahan konsentrasi katalis akan berbanding lurus dengan rendemen produk, tetapi apabila produk telah mencapai kondisi optimum, penggunaan katalis yang terlalu banyak hanya akan menyebabkan berkurangnya konversi biofuel dan dapat memungkinkan terjadinya deaktivasi katalis akibat sintering, peracunan maupun pencemaran katalis [16].…”

Effect of HCl/γ-Al2O3 and HCl/Ni/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst on The Cracking of Palm Oil

“…50 ml of palm oil and 0.5 grams of HCl/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst (1% (w/w) of raw materials) are fed into the reactor with a magnetic stirrer. Then the reactor heater is run until it reaches a temperature of 370 °C, the stirrer is turned on at 200 rpm, and the reaction is run for 2 hours (Aziz et al, 2020). During the reaction, the biofuel product will evaporate from the reactor to the liquid product container through the condensor.…”